Influence of slag incorporation on electrochemical behavior of carbonated cement

Abstract A research work is carried out to understand the influence of slag incorporation on the electrochemical behavior of carbonated cement systems. Measurement of carbonation depth and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is conducted. A suitable equivalent circuit model is applied to fit the measured electrochemical impedance data (Nyquist curve) and quantitatively obtain the electrochemical property for carbonated slag blended cement. Test results demonstrate that increasing the slag replacement ratio in cement can increase the carbonation depth, enlarge the semi-circle of the Nyquist curve, and improve the resistance of ion transfer at the “solid-liquid phase” interface. We also compare the slag incorporation effect on the electrochemical system of carbonated cement with another common mineral admixture (i.e. fly ash). It is found that slag blended cement exhibits smaller semi-circle of Nyquist curve and larger carbonation depth than fly ash blended cement. Based on the electrochemical modification, we also predict the carbonation depth of blended cements with different slag contents.

[1]  Nele De Belie,et al.  Monitoring the setting of concrete containing blast-furnace slag by measuring the ultrasonic p-wave velocity , 2008 .

[2]  A. Al-Tabbaa,et al.  Strength and hydration properties of reactive MgO-activated ground granulated blastfurnace slag paste , 2015 .

[3]  A. Leemann,et al.  Relation between carbonation resistance, mix design and exposure of mortar and concrete , 2015 .

[4]  Fernando A. Branco,et al.  Field assessment of the relationship between natural and accelerated concrete carbonation resistance , 2013 .

[5]  C. Andrade,et al.  Indicator of carbonation front in concrete as substitute to phenolphthalein , 2016 .

[6]  Feng Xing,et al.  Electrochemical impedance measurement and modeling analysis of the carbonation behavior for cementititous materials , 2014 .

[7]  H. K. Kim,et al.  Resistance of coal bottom ash mortar against the coupled deterioration of carbonation and chloride penetration , 2016 .

[8]  J. Beaudoin,et al.  A.C. impedance spectroscopy (I): A new equivalent circuit model for hydrated portland cement paste , 1992 .

[9]  Kiachehr Behfarnia,et al.  Application of alkali-activated slag concrete in railway sleepers , 2015 .

[10]  F. Xing,et al.  Understanding the Effect of Curing Age on the Chloride Resistance of Fly Ash Blended Concrete by Rapid Chloride Migration Test , 2017 .

[11]  X. Zuo,et al.  Influence of slag on leaching behavior of cement mortar lined in ductile iron pipe under a flowing solution , 2017 .

[12]  Ángel Palomo,et al.  Alkali activation of fly ashes. Part 1: Effect of curing conditions on the carbonation of the reaction products , 2005 .

[13]  Keun-Hyeok Yang,et al.  Properties of cementless mortars activated by sodium silicate , 2008 .

[14]  Jing Wen Chen,et al.  The experimental investigation of concrete carbonation depth , 2006 .

[15]  R. M. Gutiérrez,et al.  Steel corrosion behaviour in carbonated alkali-activated slag concrete , 2009 .

[16]  J. Randles.  Kinetics of rapid electrode reactions , 1947 .

[17]  Rob B. Polder,et al.  Test methods for on site measurement of resistivity of concrete — a RILEM TC-154 technical recommendation , 2001 .

[18]  Guo-ping Li,et al.  Resistance of Segmental Joints to Carbonation , 2017 .

[19]  Bruno Huet,et al.  Electrochemical behavior of mild steel in concrete: Influence of pH and carbonate content of concrete pore solution , 2005 .

[20]  J. Beaudoin,et al.  An a.c. impedance spectroscopy study of micro-cracking in cement-based composites during compressive loading , 1993 .

[21]  Feng Xing,et al.  Characterization of carbonation behavior of fly ash blended cement materials by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method , 2016 .

[22]  M. Valcarce,et al.  Carbon steel passivity examined in solutions with a low degree of carbonation: The effect of chloride and nitrite ions , 2009 .

[23]  D. Roy.  Alkali-activated cements Opportunities and challenges , 1999 .

[24]  Michael Raupach,et al.  Test methods for on site measurement of resistivity of concrete , 2000 .

[25]  Han-Seung Lee,et al.  Modeling the hydration of concrete incorporating fly ash or slag , 2010 .

[26]  A. Rashad.  Influence of different additives on the properties of sodium sulfate activated slag , 2015 .

[27]  F. Xing,et al.  Chloride transport and microstructure of concrete with/without fly ash under atmospheric chloride condition , 2017 .

[28]  Rahman Saidur,et al.  A review on emission analysis in cement industries , 2011 .

[29]  E. Garboczi,et al.  Water permeability and chloride ion diffusion in portland cement mortars: Relationship to sand content and critical pore diameter , 1995 .

[30]  Qian Zhang,et al.  Mathematical modeling and numerical study of carbonation in porous concrete materials , 2016, Appl. Math. Comput..

[31]  Jun Liu,et al.  Permeation Properties and Pore Structure of Surface Layer of Fly Ash Concrete , 2014, Materials.

[32]  Jun Liu,et al.  Degradation of fly ash concrete under the coupled effect of carbonation and chloride aerosol ingress , 2016 .

[33]  Nicholas H. Florin,et al.  Statistical analysis of the carbonation rate of concrete , 2015 .

[34]  N. Rakhimova,et al.  Alkali-activated cements and mortars based on blast furnace slag and red clay brick waste , 2015 .

[35]  J. Beaudoin,et al.  A rationalized a.c. impedence model for microstructural characterization of hydrating cement systems , 1993 .

[36]  J. Bijen.  Benefits of slag and fly ash , 1996 .

[37]  F. Puertas,et al.  Alkali-aggregate behaviour of alkali-activated slag mortars: Effect of aggregate type , 2009 .

[38]  D. Winslow,et al.  The pore structure of paste in concrete , 1990 .

[39]  Túlio Nogueira Bittencourt,et al.  Short-term experimental data of drying shrinkage of ground granulated blast-furnace slag cement concrete , 2011 .

[40]  Quan Su,et al.  Interpretation of EIS data from accelerated exposure of coated metals based on modeling of coating physical properties , 2006 .

[41]  Longtu Li,et al.  A review: The comparison between alkali-activated slag (Si + Ca) and metakaolin (Si + Al) cements , 2010 .

[42]  Nan Zhou,et al.  Estimation of CO2 emissions from China’s cement production: Methodologies and uncertainties , 2013 .

[43]  Kenneth A. Snyder,et al.  Estimating the electrical conductivity of cement paste pore solutions from OH-, K+ and Na+ concentrations , 2003 .

[44]  Guanglin Yuan,et al.  Effects of stress and high temperature on the carbonation resistance of fly ash concrete , 2017 .

[45]  B. Dong,et al.  Study on the Carbonation Behavior of Cement Mortar by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy , 2014, Materials.

[46]  J. Sykes,et al.  Studies of the corrosion of mild steel in alkali-activated slag cement mortars with sodium chloride admixtures by a galvanostatic pulse method , 2005 .

[47]  Ahmet Raif Boğa,et al.  Effect of ground granulate blast-furnace slag on corrosion performance of steel embedded in concrete , 2010 .

[48]  A. Radlińska,et al.  Fly ash-slag interaction during alkaline activation: Influence of activators on phase assemblage and microstructure formation , 2016 .

[49]  Zainal Arifin Ahmad,et al.  Evolution of alkaline activated ground blast furnace slag–ultrafine palm oil fuel ash based concrete , 2014 .

[50]  José T. San-José,et al.  Durability studies on steelmaking slag concretes , 2014 .

[51]  Paulo J.M. Monteiro,et al.  The evolution of strength and crystalline phases for alkali-activated ground blast furnace slag and fly ash-based geopolymers , 2010 .

[52]  Belkacem Ould-Bouamama,et al.  Model based PEM fuel cell state-of-health monitoring via ac impedance measurements , 2006 .

[53]  Edward Henry Mathews,et al.  Integrated energy optimisation for the cement industry: a case study perspective , 2014 .

[54]  Jun Liu,et al.  Understanding the interacted mechanism between carbonation and chloride aerosol attack in ordinary Portland cement concrete , 2017 .

[55]  Zongguo Wen,et al.  Evaluation of energy saving potential in China's cement industry using the Asian-Pacific Integrated Model and the technology promotion policy analysis , 2015 .

[56]  Duo Zhang,et al.  Early age carbonation curing for precast reinforced concretes , 2016 .

[57]  F. Xing,et al.  Experimental Investigation on Pore Structure Characterization of Concrete Exposed to Water and Chlorides , 2014, Materials.

[58]  Qiwen Qiu,et al.  Carbonation Study of Cement-Based Material by Electrochemical Impedance Method , 2017 .

[59]  E. Garboczi,et al.  Percolation and pore structure in mortars and concrete , 1994 .