Facet enhanced photocatalytic effect with uniform single-crystalline zinc oxide nanodisks

Abstract Uniform single-crystalline ZnO nanodisks and nanowires (thick and thin nanowires) with well-developed facets have been synthesized hydrothermally. It is demonstrated that the unique ZnO nanodisks with a high (0 0 0 1) facet population and small surface area show the best photocatalytic activity among the samples. All the samples are in the same comparable dimension and surface area regime and the design of nanodisk and nanowire reduce the effect of unwanted facet effect to a degree as minimum as possible when catalytic activity of (0 0 0 1) and { 1 0 1 ¯ 0 } facets are compared. The results indicate that photocatalytic activity strongly depend on specific crystal planes.

[1]  Ulrike Diebold,et al.  Steps on anatase TiO2(101) , 2006, Nature materials.

[2]  Bin Zhao,et al.  Systematic investigation on morphologies, forming mechanism, photocatalytic and photoluminescent properties of ZnO nanostructures constructed in ionic liquids. , 2008, Inorganic chemistry.

[3]  C. Galindo,et al.  Photodegradation of the aminoazobenzene acid orange 52 by three advanced oxidation processes: UV/H2O2, UV/TiO2 and VIS/TiO2: Comparative mechanistic and kinetic investigations , 2000 .

[4]  F. Aldinger,et al.  Heterogeneous nucleation of ZnO using gelatine as the organic matrix , 2006 .

[5]  Michael H. Huang,et al.  Growth of ultralong ZnO nanowires on silicon substrates by vapor transport and their use as recyclable photocatalysts , 2007 .

[6]  A. Baiker,et al.  Asymmetric catalysis at chiral metal surfaces. , 2007, Chemical reviews.

[7]  Hong Liu,et al.  Sol-gel preparation of transparent zinc oxide films with highly preferential crystal orientation , 2004 .

[8]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Spontaneous Polarization-Induced Nanohelixes, Nanosprings, and Nanorings of Piezoelectric Nanobelts , 2003 .

[9]  K. Wong,et al.  ZnO Pine-Nanotree Arrays Grown from Facile Metal Chemical Corrosion and Oxidation , 2008 .

[10]  Yiying Wu,et al.  Room-Temperature Ultraviolet Nanowire Nanolasers , 2001, Science.

[11]  M. Grätzel,et al.  Resonant photoemission of anatase TiO2 (101) and (001) single crystals , 2003 .

[12]  A. Wiȩckowski,et al.  Surface Structure Effects in Platinum/Ruthenium Methanol Oxidation Electrocatalysis , 1998 .

[13]  M. Muhler,et al.  Methanol synthesis over ZnO: A structure-sensitive reaction? , 2003 .

[14]  P. Gao,et al.  Low Temperature Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnO Nanodisk Arrays Utilizing Self-assembly of Surfactant Molecules at Solid–liquid Interfaces , 2006 .

[15]  Charles N. Satterfield,et al.  Heterogeneous catalysis in practice , 1980 .

[16]  Ulrike Diebold,et al.  The surface science of titanium dioxide , 2003 .

[17]  Zhong‐Yong Yuan,et al.  High-yield synthesis of single-crystalline ZnO hexagonal nanoplates and accounts of their optical and photocatalytic properties , 2006 .

[18]  S. Guoying,et al.  Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity of nano-sized ZnO/SnO2 coupled photocatalysts , 2002 .

[19]  Haidong Yu,et al.  A general low-temperature route for large-scale fabrication of highly oriented ZnO nanorod/nanotube arrays. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[20]  W. Park,et al.  Sonochemical Preparation of Shape-Selective ZnO Nanostructures , 2008 .

[21]  A. Slack,et al.  Sulfur dioxide removal from waste gases , 1975 .

[22]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Nanobelts of Semiconducting Oxides , 2001, Science.

[23]  M. Hoffmann,et al.  Photocatalytic Production of H2O2 and Organic Peroxides on Quantum-Sized Semiconductor Colloids. , 1994, Environmental science & technology.

[24]  K. Klabunde,et al.  Benzylation of aromatic compounds with different crystallites of MgO. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[25]  Jin Zou,et al.  Anatase TiO2 single crystals with a large percentage of reactive facets , 2008, Nature.

[26]  Detlef W. Bahnemann,et al.  Preparation and characterization of quantum size zinc oxide: a detailed spectroscopic study , 1987 .

[27]  D. Golmayo,et al.  ZnO Inverse Opals by Chemical Vapor Deposition , 2005 .

[28]  G. Shen,et al.  Thickness-dependent photocatalytic performance of ZnO nanoplatelets. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[29]  Bingqiang Cao,et al.  Ultraviolet-light-emitting ZnO nanosheets prepared by a chemical bath deposition method , 2005 .

[30]  J. Jumas,et al.  Preparation, Sintering, and Electrochemical Properties of Tin Dioxide and Al-Doped Tin Dioxides Obtained from Citrate Precursors , 2000 .

[31]  M. Saunders,et al.  Effect of Particle Size on the Photocatalytic Activity of Nanoparticulate Zinc Oxide , 2006 .

[32]  R. Schlögl,et al.  Nanocatalysis: mature science revisited or something really new? , 2004, Angewandte Chemie.

[33]  Bin Liu,et al.  Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorods in the diameter regime of 50 nm. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[34]  Ladislav Kavan,et al.  ELECTROCHEMICAL AND PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF SINGLE-CRYSTAL ANATASE , 1996 .

[35]  H. Yan,et al.  Morphogenesis of One‐Dimensional ZnO Nano‐ and Microcrystals , 2003 .

[36]  M. Schmal,et al.  Methanol Decomposition on Pt/ZnO(0001)−Zn Model Catalysts , 2001 .

[37]  K. Yanagisawa,et al.  Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zinc Hydroxide Chloride Sheets and Their Conversion to ZnO , 2007 .

[38]  Annabella Selloni,et al.  Stress-Driven Reconstruction of an Oxide Surface , 2001 .

[39]  S. Chaturvedi,et al.  Chemistry of SO2 and NO2 on ZnO(0001)-Zn and ZnO powders: changes in reactivity with surface structure and composition , 2001 .

[40]  Deren Yang,et al.  Controllable growth of ZnO nanostructures by citric acid assisted hydrothermal process , 2005 .

[41]  Jackie Y. Ying,et al.  Role of Particle Size in Nanocrystalline TiO2-Based Photocatalysts , 1998 .

[42]  Younan Xia,et al.  Nanocrystals with unconventional shapes--a class of promising catalysts. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[43]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Synthesis of Tetrahexahedral Platinum Nanocrystals with High-Index Facets and High Electro-Oxidation Activity , 2007, Science.

[44]  Lin Guo,et al.  Regularly shaped, single-crystalline ZnO nanorods with Wurtzite structure. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[45]  Jun Liu,et al.  Biomimetic arrays of oriented helical ZnO nanorods and columns. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[46]  M. Lazzeri,et al.  Stress-driven reconstruction of an oxide surface: the anatase TiO(2)(001)-(1 x 4) surface. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[47]  E. Jang,et al.  Fine Tuning of the Face Orientation of ZnO Crystals to Optimize Their Photocatalytic Activity , 2006 .

[48]  Gao,et al.  Structure determination of the two-domain ( 1x4) anatase TiO2(001) surface , 2000, Physical review letters.

[49]  Taihong Wang,et al.  Enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanotetrapods , 2005 .

[50]  Lirong Zheng,et al.  Ag/ZnO heterostructure nanocrystals: synthesis, characterization, and photocatalysis. , 2007, Inorganic chemistry.

[51]  Zhifeng Ren,et al.  Hierarchical ZnO Nanostructures , 2002 .

[52]  Huifang Xu,et al.  Complex and oriented ZnO nanostructures , 2003, Nature materials.

[53]  S. Martin,et al.  Environmental Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis , 1995 .

[54]  Peidong Yang,et al.  Shape Control of Colloidal Metal Nanocrystals , 2008 .

[55]  W. Cai,et al.  ZnO Hierarchical Micro/Nanoarchitectures: Solvothermal Synthesis and Structurally Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance , 2008 .

[56]  Zhifeng Ren,et al.  ZnO nanobridges and nanonails , 2003 .

[57]  Alexey A. Sokol,et al.  From CO2 to methanol by hybrid QM/MM embedding , 2001 .

[58]  Vinich Promarak,et al.  Synthesis and optical properties of nanocrystalline ZnO powders by a simple method using zinc acetate dihydrate and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) , 2006 .

[59]  Kun-Hong Lee,et al.  A Sonochemical Method for Fabricating Aligned ZnO Nanorods , 2007 .

[60]  Gyu-Chul Yi,et al.  Metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxial growth of vertically well-aligned ZnO nanorods , 2002 .