Physical modelling of metal forming processes

Based on the steps used in establishing a conceptual model for a theoretical analysis of a problem in metal forming, analogous steps are suggested when the use of a physical model is contemplated. Two lists of the types of information useful in the design of a process are given: the aims of synthesis, and the aims of analysis. Based on this the necessary idealizations must be made, whereupon a method of measurement is selected. Suitable model materials for the specimen and the tool can then be selected, as can friction conditions. Idealizations for facilitating measuring techniques and for the selection of a model material are discussed. Measuring techniques for determination of flow, strains, stresses, normal pressures in the specimen, and strains and stresses in the tool are described. Equipment for measuring constancy of volume, stress-strain curves and creep properties is shown and some results given.