Recent applications of electrogenerated chemiluminescence in chemical analysis.

Analytical applications of electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) are reviewed with emphasis on the years 1997-2000. Recent developments are described for the ECL of organics, metal complexes and clusters, cathodic ECL on oxide covered electrodes, ECL based immunosensors, DNA-probe assays and enzymatic biosensors. Mechanisms are given for polyaromatic hydrocarbons, luminol/hydrogen peroxide, some cathodic ECL reactions and ruthenium complexes with and without co-reactants. New developments and improvements of techniques and instrumentation and their application to analytes are described. The application of ECL for visualisation of electrochemical processes and imaging of surfaces is mentioned.

[1]  W. Heineman,et al.  Voltammetry of [Re(DMPE)3]+ at Ionomer-Entrapped Composite-Modified Electrodes , 1998 .

[2]  A. Bard,et al.  Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. 37. Light Emission by Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence at SECM Tips and Their Application to Scanning Optical Microscopy , 1998 .

[3]  A. Campagnari,et al.  Detection of biological threat agents by immunomagnetic microsphere-based solid phase fluorogenic- and electro-chemiluminescence. , 2000, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[4]  G. Guilbault,et al.  Sulfur based self-assembled monolayers (SAM’s) on piezoelectric crystals for immunosensor development , 1999 .

[5]  R. R. Wheeler,et al.  Enzymatic determination of ethanol using 'reagentless' electrocatalyzed luminol chemiluminescence , 1997 .

[6]  Sachiko Sakura,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence of hydrogen peroxide-luminol at a carbon electrode , 1992 .

[7]  A. Knight,et al.  Occurrence, mechanisms and analytical applications of electrogenerated chemiluminescence. A review , 1994 .

[8]  L. Blum,et al.  Luminol Electrochemiluminescence-Based Biosensor for Total Cholesterol Determination in Natural Samples , 2000 .

[9]  Melanie M. Cooper,et al.  A ChemiluminesClent Precolumn Labelling Reagent for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Amino Acids , 1986 .

[10]  K. Yokota,et al.  Detection of active methylene compounds having cyano and carbonyl groups with chemiluminescent reaction using tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(III) prepared by on-line electrochemical oxidation , 1999 .

[11]  Detection of near-wall hydrodynamic effects by electrochemiluminescence , 1999 .

[12]  Andrew W. Knight,et al.  A review of recent trends in analytical applications of electrogenerated chemiluminescence , 1999 .

[13]  R. Farinotti,et al.  Primary and secondary amine derivatization with luminarins 1 and 2: separation by liquid chromatography with peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection , 1992 .

[14]  G. Ertl,et al.  ON THE MECHANISM OF ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC CONVECTION IN THIN-LAYER ELECTROLYTIC CELLS , 1998 .

[15]  X. Chen,et al.  Study of the Electrochemiluminescence Based on Tris(2,2′-bipyridine) Ruthenium(II) and Alcohols in a Flow Injection System☆ , 1998 .

[16]  M. Yamaguchi,et al.  4,5-Diaminophthalhydrazide as a highly sensitive chemiluminescence derivatization reagent for α-dicarbonyl compounds in high-performance liquid chromatography , 1992 .

[17]  I. Rubinstein,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. 37. Aqueous ecl systems based on tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(2+) and oxalate or organic acids , 1981 .

[18]  A. Bard,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. XXI. Energy transfer from an exciplex to a rare earth chelate , 1975 .

[19]  C. Wang,et al.  Clay‐Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence and Its Application in the Detection of Glucose , 1998 .

[20]  M. Richter,et al.  Measurement of fatty amine ethoxylate surfactants using electrochemiluminescence , 1999 .

[21]  T. Yoshitake,et al.  High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 3α,5β- tetrahydroaldosterone in human urine with chemiluminescence detection , 1992 .

[22]  J. Kiel,et al.  In vitro selection of DNA aptamers to anthrax spores with electrochemiluminescence detection. , 1999, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[23]  Christophe A. Marquette,et al.  Semi-automated membrane based chemiluminescent immunosensor for flow injection analysis of okadaic acid in mussels , 1999 .

[24]  S. Dong,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence of the Ru(bpy)32+/S2O82– System in Purely Aqueous Solution at Carbon Paste Electrode , 2000 .

[25]  Damià Barceló,et al.  Determination of PAHs in river water samples by ELISA , 1998 .

[26]  S. Kulmala,et al.  Hot electron injection into aqueous electrolyte solution from thin insulating film-coated electrodes , 1998 .

[27]  H. Abruña.  Electrochemiluminescence of Osmium Complexes Spectral, Electrochemical, and Mechanistic Studies , 1985 .

[28]  O. Wolfbeis,et al.  Anion‐lnduced Fluorescence Quenching of a New Zwitterionic Biacridine Derivative , 1999 .

[29]  Milena Koudelka-Hep,et al.  On-chip generation and detection of electrochemiluminescence , 1998 .

[30]  W. Heineman,et al.  Electrochemical behavior of methyl viologen at graphite electrodes modified with Nafion sol–gel composite , 1998 .

[31]  T. van der Poll,et al.  The in vivo kinetics of tissue factor messenger RNA expression during human endotoxemia: relationship with activation of coagulation. , 2000, Blood.

[32]  F. Soria,et al.  Elecsys testosterone assay evaluated. , 1998, Clinical chemistry.

[33]  A. Bard,et al.  Demonstration of electrochemical generation of solution-phase hot electrons at oxide-covered tantalum electrodes by direct electrogenerated chemiluminescence , 1998 .

[34]  H. Abruña.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of bipyridine and phenanthroline complexes of osmium , 1984 .

[35]  R. Abuknesha,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence flow injection immunoassay for atrazine. , 1997, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[36]  Electrochemiluminescence on np1-metals: 1. The analysis of chemiluminescent reactions , 1999 .

[37]  J. Kankare,et al.  Immunoassay by time-resolved electrogenerated luminescence , 1992 .

[38]  M. Oyama,et al.  Development of a dual-electrolysis stopped-flow method for the observation of electrogenerated chemiluminescence in energy-sufficient systems. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[39]  Robert Wilson,et al.  Electrochemically oxidized ferrocenes as catalysts for the chemiluminescence oxidation of luminol , 1998 .

[40]  A. Smilde,et al.  Liquid chromatographic analysis of carboxylic acids using N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-ethylisoluminol as chemiluminescent label: determination of ibuprofen in saliva. , 1993, Journal of chromatography.

[41]  Munetaka Oyama,et al.  Two-dimensional CCD detection of electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) on an electrode surface. ECL reactions involving microcrystals of the perylene dimer cation radical salt ☆ , 1999 .

[42]  Chengxiao Zhang.  Determination of copper ions in waters by electrochemical stripping chemiluminescence analysis in situ , 1998 .

[43]  T. Mallouk,et al.  Immobilization of DNA on an Aluminum(III) Alkanebisphosphonate Thin Film with Electrogenerated Chemiluminescent Detection , 1994 .

[44]  L. Dong,et al.  Enzyme-triggered formation of electrochemiluminescent ruthenium complexes. , 1996, Analytical biochemistry.

[45]  Zu,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. 66. The role of direct coreactant oxidation in the ruthenium tris(2,2')bipyridyl/tripropylamine system and the effect of halide ions on the emission intensity , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[46]  D O Frost,et al.  BDNF Injected into the Superior Colliculus Reduces Developmental Retinal Ganglion Cell Death , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[47]  W. Heineman,et al.  Spectroelectrochemical sensing based on multimode selectivity simultaneously achievable in a single device. 3. Effect of signal averaging on limit of detection , 1999 .

[48]  Allen J. Bard,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. IX. Electrochemistry and emission from systems containing tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) dichloride , 1972 .

[49]  R. Hoermann,et al.  Pre-Evaluation and System Optimization of the Elecsys® Thyroid Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassays , 1998, Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine.

[50]  H. Takeuchi,et al.  Determination of polyamines by liquid chromatography with aryl oxalate-sulphorhodamine 101 chemiluminescence detection , 1994 .

[51]  P. Keliher,et al.  Some observations on the analytical usefulness of electrochemiluminescence for the determination of microgram amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons , 1969 .

[52]  L. Tobias,et al.  A highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for interferon alfa-2b in human serum. , 1997, Journal of immunological methods.

[53]  F. Lytle,et al.  Chemiluminescence from Reduction Reactions , 1966 .

[54]  M. Richter,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. 62. Enhanced ECL in bimetallic assemblies with ligands that bridge isolated chromophores , 1998 .

[55]  Newton Harvey,et al.  Luminescence during Electrolysis , 1928 .

[56]  M. Koudelka-Hep,et al.  Integrated sensor for continuous flow electrochemiluminescent measurements of codeine with different ruthenium complexes , 1999 .

[57]  Loïc J. Blum,et al.  Luminol electrochemiluminescence with screen-printed electrodes for low-cost disposable oxidase-based optical sensors , 2000 .

[58]  Milena Koudelka-Hep,et al.  Redox-cycling type electrochemiluminescence in aqueous medium. A new principle for the detection of proteins labeled with a ruthenium chelate , 1999 .

[59]  T. Nieman,et al.  Chemiluminescence detection using regenerable tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) immobilized in Nafion. , 1992, Analytical chemistry.

[60]  Yun-Tai Hsueh,et al.  A microfabricated, electrochemiluminescence cell for the detection of amplified DNA , 1996 .

[61]  M. Matsuoka,et al.  Provirus Load in Patients with Human T‐Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Uveitis Correlates with Precedent Graves' Disease and Disease Activities , 1998, Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann.

[62]  A. Bard,et al.  HOT ELECTRON GENERATION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION AT OXIDE-COVERED TANTALUM ELECTRODES. REDUCTION OF METHYLPYRIDINIUM AND ELECTROGENERATED CHEMILUMINESCENCE OF RU(BPY)32+ , 1999 .

[63]  T. Ala-Kleme,et al.  Near-infrared electrogenerated chemiluminescence of ytterbium(III) chelates in aqueous electrolytes , 1999 .

[64]  A. Bard,et al.  Near-Ir Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Tricarbocyanine Dyes in Micellar Systems , 1998 .

[65]  L. Blum,et al.  Chemiluminescent choline biosensor using histidine-modified peroxidase immobilised on metal-chelate substituted beads and choline oxidase immobilised on anion-exchanger beads co-entrapped in a photocrosslinkable polymer. , 2000, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[66]  T. Vo-Dinh,et al.  Antibody-Based Fiberoptics Biosensor for the Carcinogen Benzo(a)pyrene , 1987 .

[67]  M. Aizawa,et al.  Highly sensitive electrochemical luminescence determination of thiamine , 1999 .

[68]  Changzhi Zhao,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence Sensor Having a Pt Electrode Coated with a Ru(bpy)^3^2+-Modified Chitosan/Silica Gel Membrane , 1998 .

[69]  Yukari Sato,et al.  Electrochemical and electrogenerated chemiluminescence properties of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)-tridecanethiol derivative on ITO and gold electrodes , 1995 .

[70]  R. Wightman,et al.  Imaging Microelectrodes with High-Frequency Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence , 1998 .

[71]  R. Wightman,et al.  Free energy control of reaction pathways in electrogenerated chemiluminescence , 1997 .

[72]  A. Bard,et al.  Immobilization and Hybridization of DNA on an Aluminum(III) Alkanebisphosphonate Thin Film with Electrogenerated Chemiluminescent Detection , 1995 .

[73]  A. Bard,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. 41. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence and chemiluminescence of the Ru(2,21 - bpy)32+-S2O82- system in acetonitrile-water solutions , 1982 .

[74]  Xin Wang,et al.  In situ cell for electrochemically generated Ru(bpy)33+-based chemiluminescence detection in capillary electrophoresis , 1999 .

[75]  D. B. Hibbert,et al.  The electrogenerated chemiluminescent behavior of hemin and its catalytic activity for the electrogenerated chemiluminescence of lucigenin. , 2000, Talanta.

[76]  M. Richter,et al.  Quenching of electrogenerated chemiluminescence by phenols, hydroquinones, catechols, and benzoquinones. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[77]  T. Nieman,et al.  An Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Probe and Its Application Utilizing Tris(2,2‘-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) and Luminol Chemiluminescence without a Flowing Stream , 1996 .

[78]  Changzhi Zhao,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence oxalic acid sensor having a platinum electrode coated with chitosan modified with a ruthenium (II) complex , 1998 .

[79]  M. Collinson,et al.  Solid-State Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence from Gel-Entrapped Ruthenium(II) Tris(bipyridine) and Tripropylamine , 1999 .

[80]  H. Hendrickson,et al.  Chemiluminescent detection of amines and amino acids using in situ generated Ru(bpy)(3)(3+) following separation by capillary electrophoresis. , 1998, Talanta.

[81]  L. Blum,et al.  An electrochemiluminescence-based fibre optic biosensor for choline flow injection analysis. , 2000, The Analyst.

[82]  Martín,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence of ruthenium (II) tris(bipyridine) encapsulated in sol-gel glasses , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[83]  R. Engstrom,et al.  Observation of adsorbate coverage with electrogenerated chemiluminescence imaging , 1994 .

[84]  M. K. Alam,et al.  Simultaneous determinations of histamine and N tau-methylhistamine by high-performance liquid chromatography-chemiluminescence coupled with immobilized diamine oxidase. , 1995, Analytical biochemistry.

[85]  N. Danielson,et al.  Generation of chemiluminescence upon reaction of aliphatic amines with tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(III) , 1987 .

[86]  M. Hennion,et al.  Class-selective immunosorbent for trace-level determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex sample matrices, used in off-line procedure or on-line coupled with liquid chromatography/fluorescence and diode array detections in series , 1999 .

[87]  A. Haugen,et al.  Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine from coke-oven workers with a radioimmunoassay. , 1993, Carcinogenesis.

[88]  A. Bard,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescent emission from an organized (L-B) monolayer of a Ru(bpy)32+-based surfactant on semiconductor and metal electrodes , 1988 .

[89]  J. Goudsmit,et al.  Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nucleocapsid Protein p7 In Vitro and In Vivo , 1999, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[90]  Andreas Herrmann,et al.  Electrochemistry, Spectroscopy and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Perylene, Terrylene, and Quaterrylene Diimides in Aprotic Solution , 1999 .

[91]  C. Huber,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of new chloride-sensitive indicator dyes based on dynamic fluorescence quenching , 1999 .

[92]  O. Niwa,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence at a Microelectrode in a Microscale Fluidic System , 2000 .

[93]  L. Conte,et al.  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible fats and oils: occurrence and analytical methods. , 2000, Journal of chromatography. A.

[94]  Guonan Chen,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence for determination of indole and tryptophan , 1997 .

[95]  N. Yılmaz,et al.  Menstrual Cycle Dependent Variability for Serum Tumor Markers CEA, AFP, CA 19-9, CA 125 and CA 15-3 in Healthy Women , 2002, Disease markers.

[96]  L. Heikkilä,et al.  Energetic electrochemiluminescence of (9-fluorenyl)methanol induced by injection of hot electrons into aqueous electrolyte solution , 1997 .

[97]  D. Schmalzing,et al.  Capillary electrophoresis based immunoassays: A critical review , 1997, Electrophoresis.

[98]  T. Meyer,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence in SiO2 sol-gel polymer composites , 1999 .

[99]  A. Brummelhuis,et al.  Liquid chromatography with luminol-based electrochemiluminescence detection: Determination of histamine , 1998 .

[100]  S. Kulmala,et al.  Primary cathodic steps of electrogenerated chemiluminescence of lanthanide(III) chelates at oxide-covered aluminum electrodes in aqueous solution , 1998 .

[101]  Allen J. Bard,et al.  Electroanalytical Chemistry: A Series of Advances , 1974 .

[102]  Jin‐Ming Lin,et al.  Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Methyl-9-(p-formylphenyl) Acridinium Carboxylate Fluorosulfonate and Its Applications to Immunoassay , 1998 .

[103]  G. Guilbault,et al.  Practical fluorescence; theory, methods, and techniques, , 1973 .

[104]  N. Danielson,et al.  Liquid chromatography of aliphatic trialkylamines with post-column chemiluminescent detection using tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(III) , 1987 .

[105]  C. Wang,et al.  Electrochemical characterization of the clay-enhanced luminol ecl reaction , 1999 .

[106]  L. Faulkner.  [40] Chemiluminescence from electron-transfer processes , 1978 .

[107]  C. Malins,et al.  Ultrasonic Modification of Light Emission from Electrochemiluminescence Processes , 1997 .

[108]  M. Harmer,et al.  High Surface Area Nafion† Resin/Silica Nanocomposites: A New Class of Solid Acid Catalyst , 1996 .

[109]  J. Lakowicz,et al.  Fluorescence polarization immunoassay of a high-molecular-weight antigen based on a long-lifetime Ru-ligand complex. , 1995, Analytical biochemistry.

[110]  Guofang Zhang,et al.  Studies of polyluminol modified electrode and its application in electrochemiluminescence analysis with flow system , 2000 .

[111]  V. Balzani,et al.  Polypyridine transition metal complexes as light emission sensitizers in the electrochemical reduction of the persulfate ion , 1982 .

[112]  Allen J. Bard,et al.  Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications , 1980 .

[113]  D. Nocera,et al.  Effect of long-distance electron transfer on chemiluminescence efficiencies , 1988 .

[114]  T. Nieman,et al.  Glucose quantitation using an immobilized glucose dehydrogenase enzyme reactor and a tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) chemiluminescent sensor , 1993 .

[115]  Allen J. Bard,et al.  Polymer Films on Electrodes. 5. Electrochemistry and Chemiluminescence at Nafion-Coated Electrodes , 1981 .

[116]  A. Bard,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. XVI. ECL of palladium and platinum α,β,γ,δ-tetraphenylporphyrin complexes , 1974 .

[117]  T. Nieman,et al.  Determination of glyphosate and related compounds using HPLC with tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection , 1997 .

[118]  R Lejeune,et al.  Chemiluminescence as diagnostic tool. A review. , 2000, Talanta.

[119]  C. Vandevyver,et al.  Isolation and quantification of episomal expression vectors in human T cells. , 1997, BioTechniques.

[120]  B. Jaber,et al.  New Polyether Sulfone Dialyzers Attenuate Passage of Cytokine- Inducing Substances from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Contaminated Dialysate , 1998, Blood Purification.

[121]  Andreas Manz,et al.  Sub-microliter electrochemiluminescence detector : A model for small volume analysis systems , 1997 .

[122]  Collinson,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of tris (2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) ion-exchanged in nafion-silica composite films , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[123]  H Szmacinski,et al.  Metal-ligand complexes as a new class of long-lived fluorophores for protein hydrodynamics. , 1995, Biophysical journal.

[124]  L. Gaddum,et al.  LUMINESCENCE OF GRIGNARD COMPOUNDS IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS, AND RELATED ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA , 1927 .

[125]  S. Kulmala,et al.  Cathodic Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Luminol at Disposable Oxide-Covered Aluminum Electrodes , 1998 .

[126]  N. Dontha,et al.  Electron transfer kinetics at a biotin/avidin patterned glassy carbon electrode. , 1998, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[127]  D. Nocera,et al.  Role of solvation in the electrogenerated chemiluminescence of hexanuclear molybdenum cluster ion , 1991 .

[128]  Jaap M Middeldorp,et al.  Monitoring of Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Load in Peripheral Blood by Quantitative Competitive PCR , 1999, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[129]  A. Bard,et al.  Enhancement of electrochemical hot electron injection into electrolyte solutions at oxide-covered tantalum electrodes by thin platinum films , 1998 .

[130]  N. Tanaka,et al.  Serum des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin levels determined by a new generation of sensitive immunoassays in patients with small-sized hepatocellular carcinoma. , 1999 .

[131]  Jonathan K. Leland,et al.  Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence: An Oxidative‐Reduction Type ECL Reaction Sequence Using Tripropyl Amine , 1990 .

[132]  S. Creager,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence-based detection of ferrocene derivatives at monolayer-coated electrodes , 2000 .

[133]  M. Richter,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. 59. Rhenium complexes , 1996 .

[134]  A. Bard,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence: Part 54. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of ruthenium(II) 4,4'-diphenyl-2,2'-bipyridine and ruthenium(II) 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline systems in aqueous and acetonitrile solutions , 1991 .

[135]  R. R. Wheeler,et al.  “Reagentless” Flow Analysis Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide by Electrocatalyzed Luminol Chemiluminescence , 1997 .

[136]  T. Nieman,et al.  On-line electrogenerated Ru(bpy)33+ chemiluminescent detection of β-blockers separated with capillary electrophoresis , 1997 .

[137]  W. P. Bennekom,et al.  Chemiluminescence and immunoassays. , 1994, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[138]  Franz L. Dickert,et al.  Molecular imprinting in chemical sensing , 1999 .

[139]  R. Niessner,et al.  A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for polyaromatic hydrocarbons , 1999 .

[140]  J. Ferraris,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence using solution phase and immobilized tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinedisulfonic acid)ruthenium(II) , 1998 .

[141]  T. Vo‐Dinh,et al.  Monitoring and characterization of polyaromatic compounds in the environment. , 1998, Talanta.

[142]  Garry A. Rechnitz,et al.  Flow injection immunosensing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with a quartz crystal microbalance , 1999 .

[143]  M. D. de Broe,et al.  Measurement of strontium in serum, urine, bone, and soft tissues by Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry. , 1997, Clinical chemistry.

[144]  G. Ertl,et al.  Electrochemical Formation of Luminescent Convective Patterns in Thin-Layer Cells , 1998 .

[145]  H. Mayfield,et al.  Determination of cadmium ions in water by a novel electrochemiluminescence method , 1998 .

[146]  R. Zhu,et al.  Post-column derivatization for fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection in capillary electrophoresis. , 1998, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[147]  Changzhi Zhao,et al.  Substrate Selectivity of an Electrochemiluminescence Pt Electrode Coated with a Ru(bpy)32+-Modified Chitosan/Silica Gel Membrane , 1997 .

[148]  S. Kulmala,et al.  Hot electron-induced electrogenerated luminescence of Tl(I) at disposable oxide-covered aluminum electrodes , 1999 .

[149]  R. L. Smith,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence of Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium in Water at Carbon Microelectrodes. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[150]  A. Bard,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. XIII. Electrochemical and electrogenerated chemiluminescence studies of ruthenium chelates , 1973 .

[151]  G. Greenway,et al.  Analysis of tricyclic antidepressants using electrogenerated chemiluminescence. , 1999, The Analyst.

[152]  T. Ala-Kleme,et al.  Study on the radiative 5D4→7Fj relaxation dynamics of Tb(III) in electrochemically excited self-assembled dimeric heterodinuclear Tb(III)–Ln(III)′ chelates , 2000 .

[153]  Won-Yong Lee,et al.  Tris (2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) electrogenerated chemiluminescence in analytical science , 1997 .

[154]  Study of electrogenerated chemiluminescence of N-(β-carboxyl-propionyl)luminol , 1998 .

[155]  V. Balzani,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of an ortho-metalated platinum(II) complex , 1986 .

[156]  D J Reeder,et al.  Detection of tyrosinase mRNA in melanoma by reverse transcription-PCR and electrochemiluminescence. , 1998, Clinical chemistry.

[157]  W. Buchinger,et al.  Bestimmung von freiem Trijodthyronin FT3) mittels Elektrochemilumineszenz‐Immunoassay bei Patienten mit peripheren Autoantikörpern gegen Trijodthyronin , 2000 .

[158]  T. Nieman,et al.  Chemiluminescence biosensors using tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) and dehydrogenases immobilized in cation exchange polymers , 1997 .

[159]  S. Friedman,et al.  PAH RIS soil test: a rapid, on-site screening test for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in soil , 1994 .

[160]  D. Deaver,et al.  A new non-isotopic detection system for immunoassays , 1995, Nature.

[161]  Wei Chen,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence based on tris(2,2 '-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) with hydroxyl carboxylic acid , 1998 .

[162]  Milena Koudelka-Hep,et al.  Microelectrode sensors for biomedical and environmental applications , 2000 .

[163]  M. Koudelka-Hep,et al.  Reagentless Sensor Integrating Electrodes, Photodetector, and Immobilized Co‐Substrate for Electrochemiluminescence‐Based Assays , 1999 .

[164]  Kricka,et al.  Sonoluminescence: 1996-1998 , 1999, Luminescence : the journal of biological and chemical luminescence.

[165]  L. Strekowski,,et al.  Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. 61. Near-IR Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence, Electrochemistry, and Spectroscopic Properties of a Heptamethine Cyanine Dye in MeCN , 1997 .

[166]  Jonathan K. Leland,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence-Based Quantitation of Classical Clinical Chemistry Analytes , 1996 .

[167]  J. Link,et al.  Rapid electrochemiluminescence assays of polymerase chain reaction products. , 1991, Clinical chemistry.

[168]  D. Chan,et al.  Automated chemiluminescent immunoassay analyzers , 1998 .

[169]  A. Bard,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence 60. Spectroscopic properties and electrogenerated chemiluminescence of decaphenylanthracene and octaphenylnaphthalene , 1998 .

[170]  R. Hunter,et al.  Evaluation of electrochemiluminescence‐ and bioluminescence‐based assays for quantitating specific DNA , 1996, Journal of clinical laboratory analysis.

[171]  T. Nieman,et al.  pH and concentration response surfaces for the luminol—H2O2 electrogenerated chemiluminescence reaction , 1993 .

[172]  C. Vandevyver,et al.  Quantification of cytokine messenger RNA in transfected human T cells by RT-PCR and an automated electrochemiluminescence-based post-PCR detection system. , 1996, Journal of immunological methods.

[173]  C. Gleason,et al.  Development of an equilibrium immunoassay using electrochemiluminescent detection for a novel recombinant protein product and its application to pre-clinical product development. , 1997, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[174]  Y. Harima,et al.  Direct current electrogenerated chemiluminescent microdetermination of peroxydisulfate in aqueous solution , 1991 .

[175]  Matthew M. Ferris,et al.  Tris (2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium (III) as a chemiluminescent reagent for detection in capillary electrophresis , 1997 .

[176]  R. A. Kamin,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence detection for development of immunoassays and DNA probe assays for clinical diagnostics. , 1991, Clinical chemistry.

[177]  G. Greenway,et al.  Determination of morpholine fungicides using the tris(2,2′-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence reaction , 2000 .

[178]  F. Clifton-Hadley.  Detection and diagnosis of Escherichia coli O157 and other verocytotoxigenic E. coli in animal faeces , 2000 .

[179]  E Picozza,et al.  A high-sensitivity electrochemiluminescence-based detection system for automated PCR product quantitation. , 1993, BioTechniques.

[180]  Milena Koudelka-Hep,et al.  Microreactor and electrochemical detectors fabricated using Si and EPON SU-8 , 2000 .

[181]  M. Richter,et al.  Phenol substituent effects on electrogenerated chemiluminescence quenching , 2000 .

[182]  A. Bard,et al.  Hydrocarbon Cation Radical Formation by Reduction of Peroxydisulfate , 2000 .