Accuracy and performance of continuous glucose monitors in athletes

Abstract Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices, with their 1–5 min measurement interval, allow blood glucose dynamics to be captured more frequently and less invasively than traditional measures of blood glucose concentration (BG). These devices are primarily designed for the use in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients to aid BG regulation. However, because of their increased measurement frequency and reduced invasiveness CGM devices have been recently applied to other subject cohorts, such as intensive care patients and neonates. One unexamined cohort is athletes. Continuous monitoring of an athlete’s BG has the potential to increase race performance, speed recovery, and aid training. However, before these benefits can be realised the accuracy and performance of CGM devices in active athletes must be evaluated. Two Ipro2 and one Guardian Real-time CGM devices (Medtronic Minimed, Northridge, CA, USA) were inserted into 10 subjects (resting HR

[1]  J. Ivy,et al.  Muscle glycogen storage after different amounts of carbohydrate ingestion. , 1988, Journal of applied physiology.

[2]  J. Chase,et al.  Impact of retrospective calibration algorithms on hypoglycemia detection in newborn infants using continuous glucose monitoring. , 2012, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[3]  H. Häring,et al.  The effects of skin temperature and testing site on blood glucose measurements taken by a modern blood glucose monitoring device. , 2005, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[4]  Atoosa Rabiee,et al.  Numerical and Clinical Accuracy of a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System during Intravenous Insulin Therapy in the Surgical and Burn Intensive Care Units , 2009, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[5]  C. Saudek,et al.  Timing of changes in interstitial and venous blood glucose measured with a continuous subcutaneous glucose sensor. , 2003, Diabetes.

[6]  B. Lilja,et al.  The effect of local cold application on intramuscular blood flow at rest and after running. , 1985, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[7]  Greg Atkinson,et al.  Influence of Cold Water Immersion on Limb and Cutaneous Blood Flow at Rest , 2011, The American journal of sports medicine.

[8]  Sofia Dahlqvist,et al.  A Clinical Trial of the Accuracy and Treatment Experience of the Flash Glucose Monitor FreeStyle Libre in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes , 2017, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[9]  Ronald Brazg,et al.  Accuracy and acceptability of the 6-day Enlite continuous subcutaneous glucose sensor. , 2014, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[10]  L. B. E. A. Hoeks,et al.  Systematic Review Real-time continuous glucose monitoring system for treatment of diabetes: a systematic review , 2011 .

[11]  S Colagiuri,et al.  Effect of Ambient Temperature and Humidity on Performance of Blood Glucose Meters , 1995, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[12]  F. Chee,et al.  Closed-loop glucose control in critically ill patients using continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) in real time , 2003, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[13]  A. Jeukendrup,et al.  Higher dietary carbohydrate content during intensified running training results in better maintenance of performance and mood state , 2004 .

[14]  Christopher G. Pretty,et al.  Accuracy and Performance of Continuous Glucose Monitors in Athletes , 2015 .

[15]  D. Dunger,et al.  The continuous glucose monitoring sensor in neonatal intensive care , 2005, Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition.

[16]  M. Signal.  Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Tight Glycaemic Control in Critically Ill Patients , 2013 .

[17]  A. Jeukendrup,et al.  Higher dietary carbohydrate content during intensified running training results in better maintenance of performance and mood state. , 2004, Journal of applied physiology.

[18]  Roman Hovorka,et al.  Accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring during exercise in type 1 diabetes pregnancy. , 2013, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[19]  Asker E Jeukendrup,et al.  Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performance. , 2004, Nutrition.

[20]  R. Brown.  Nutrition for optimal performance during exercise: carbohydrate and fat. , 2002, Current sports medicine reports.

[21]  Peter Calhoun,et al.  Performance comparison of the medtronic sof-sensor and enlite glucose sensors in inpatient studies of individuals with type 1 diabetes. , 2013, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[22]  Matthew Signal,et al.  Continuous Glucose Monitors and the Burden of Tight Glycemic Control in Critical Care: Can They Cure the Time Cost? , 2010, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[23]  MSS21287 709..731 , 2009 .

[24]  Ronald J Sigal,et al.  Point accuracy of interstitial continuous glucose monitoring during exercise in type 1 diabetes. , 2013, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[25]  A. Jeukendrup,et al.  Combined ingestion of protein and carbohydrate improves protein balance during ultra-endurance exercise. , 2004, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[26]  E. Coyle,et al.  Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: effect of time of carbohydrate ingestion. , 1988, Journal of applied physiology.

[27]  W. Winder,et al.  Regulation of glycogen resynthesis in muscles of rats following exercise. , 1978, The American journal of physiology.

[28]  Sofia Dahlqvist,et al.  A clinical trial of the accuracy and treatment experience of the Dexcom G4 sensor (Dexcom G4 system) and Enlite sensor (guardian REAL-time system) tested simultaneously in ambulatory patients with type 1 diabetes. , 2014, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[29]  Victor M. Montori,et al.  Efficacy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Improving Glycemic Control and Reducing Hypoglycemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials , 2011, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[30]  Harald Herkner,et al.  Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Critically Ill Patients , 2009, Diabetes Care.

[31]  M. Battin,et al.  Continuous glucose monitoring in newborn babies at risk of hypoglycemia. , 2010, The Journal of pediatrics.

[32]  Lutz Heinemann,et al.  Comparison of the Numerical and Clinical Accuracy of Four Continuous Glucose Monitors , 2008, Diabetes Care.

[33]  C. Madl,et al.  Accuracy and reliability of a subcutaneous continuous glucose-monitoring system in critically ill patients* , 2011, Critical care medicine.

[34]  Howard Zisser,et al.  Accuracy of the Enlite 6-day glucose sensor with guardian and Veo calibration algorithms. , 2012, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[35]  L. B. E. A. Hoeks,et al.  Real‐time continuous glucose monitoring system for treatment of diabetes: a systematic review , 2011, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.