Keyholes, correlations, and capacities of multielement transmit and receive antennas

Multielement system capacities are usually thought of as limited only by correlations between elements. It is shown here that degenerate channel phenomena called "keyholes" may arise under realistic assumptions which have zero correlation between the entries of the channel matrix H and yet only a single degree of freedom. Canonical physical examples of keyholes are presented. For outdoor environments, it is shown that roof edge diffraction is perceived as a "keyhole" by a vertical base array that may be avoided by employing instead a horizontal base array.

[1]  W. Lee,et al.  Polarization Diversity System for Mobile Radio , 1972, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[2]  Peter F. Driessen,et al.  On the capacity formula for multiple input-multiple output wireless channels: a geometric interpretation , 1999, 1999 IEEE International Conference on Communications (Cat. No. 99CH36311).

[3]  R. Valenzuela,et al.  Capacities of multi-element transmit and receive antennas: Correlations and keyholes , 2000 .

[4]  John M. Cioffi,et al.  Spatio-temporal coding for wireless communications , 1996, Proceedings of GLOBECOM'96. 1996 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.

[5]  Larry J. Greenstein,et al.  A semi-empirical representation of antenna diversity gain at cellular and PCS base stations , 1997, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[6]  John M. Cioffi,et al.  Spatio-temporal coding for wireless communication , 1998, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[7]  Gerard J. Foschini,et al.  Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multi-element antennas , 1996, Bell Labs Technical Journal.

[8]  J. D. Parsons,et al.  Crosscorrelation between the envelopes of 900 MHz signals received at a mobile radio base station site , 1986 .

[9]  Reinaldo A. Valenzuela,et al.  V-BLAST: an architecture for realizing very high data rates over the rich-scattering wireless channel , 1998, 1998 URSI International Symposium on Signals, Systems, and Electronics. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX167).

[10]  H. L. Bertoni,et al.  Sources and statistics of multipath arrival at elevated base station antenna , 1999, 1999 IEEE 49th Vehicular Technology Conference (Cat. No.99CH36363).

[11]  H. Bertoni,et al.  A theoretical model of UHF propagation in urban environments , 1988 .

[12]  M. Hata,et al.  Empirical formula for propagation loss in land mobile radio services , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[13]  Angel E. Lozano,et al.  Link-optimal space-time processing with multiple transmit and receive antennas , 2001, IEEE Communications Letters.

[14]  Reinaldo A. Valenzuela,et al.  Detection algorithm and initial laboratory results using V-BLAST space-time communication architecture , 1999 .

[15]  W. C. Jakes,et al.  Microwave Mobile Communications , 1974 .

[16]  Joseph M. Kahn,et al.  Fading correlation and its effect on the capacity of multielement antenna systems , 2000, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[17]  Angel E. Lozano,et al.  Effect of antenna separation on the capacity of BLAST in correlated channels , 2000, IEEE Communications Letters.

[18]  M. J. Gans,et al.  On Limits of Wireless Communications in a Fading Environment when Using Multiple Antennas , 1998, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[19]  Jonathan Ling,et al.  Comparisons of a Computer-Based Propagation Prediction Tool with Experimental Data Collected in Urban Microcelluar Environments , 1997, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[20]  Helmut Bölcskei,et al.  MIMO wireless channels: capacity and performance prediction , 2000, Globecom '00 - IEEE. Global Telecommunications Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37137).

[21]  Sang-Bin Rhee,et al.  Results of Suburban Base Station Spatial Diversity Measurements in the UHF Band , 1974, IEEE Trans. Commun..