Emotion and decision making.

A revolution in the science of emotion has emerged in recent decades, with the potential to create a paradigm shift in decision theories. The research reveals that emotions constitute potent, pervasive, predictable, sometimes harmful and sometimes beneficial drivers of decision making. Across different domains, important regularities appear in the mechanisms through which emotions influence judgments and choices. We organize and analyze what has been learned from the past 35 years of work on emotion and decision making. In so doing, we propose the emotion-imbued choice model, which accounts for inputs from traditional rational choice theory and from newer emotion research, synthesizing scientific models.

[1]  J. Eichel Victims Of Groupthink A Psychological Study Of Foreign Policy Decisions And Fiascoes , 2016 .

[2]  Karin Ackermann,et al.  The Nature Of Emotion Fundamental Questions , 2016 .

[3]  J. Schreiber Foundations Of Statistics , 2016 .

[4]  G. Csibra,et al.  Nonverbal generics: human infants interpret objects as symbols of object kinds. , 2015, Annual review of psychology.

[5]  C. Blair,et al.  School readiness and self-regulation: a developmental psychobiological approach. , 2015, Annual review of psychology.

[6]  M. Bakermans-Kranenburg,et al.  The hidden efficacy of interventions: gene×environment experiments from a differential susceptibility perspective. , 2015, Annual review of psychology.

[7]  B. Casey Beyond simple models of self-control to circuit-based accounts of adolescent behavior. , 2015, Annual review of psychology.

[8]  Sravanti L. Sanivarapu Emotion , 2020, Indian journal of psychiatry.

[9]  E. Halperin,et al.  Can Emotion Regulation Change Political Attitudes in Intractable Conflicts? From the Laboratory to the Field , 2013, Psychological science.

[10]  Karolina M. Lempert,et al.  Emotion and decision making: multiple modulatory neural circuits. , 2014, Annual review of neuroscience.

[11]  J. Lerner,et al.  Gratitude , 2014, Psychological science.

[12]  Cristina B. Gibson,et al.  Where Global and Virtual Meet: The Value of Examining the Intersection of These Elements in Twenty-First-Century Teams , 2014 .

[13]  D. Keltner,et al.  Shared and Differentiating Features of the Positive Emotion Domain , 2014 .

[14]  Alex Imas,et al.  Materazzi effect and the strategic use of anger in competitive interactions , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[15]  Jesse Graham,et al.  Awe, Uncertainty, and Agency Detection , 2014, Psychological science.

[16]  Jonathan Gratch,et al.  Reading people's minds from emotion expressions in interdependent decision making. , 2014, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[17]  Jonathan Gratch,et al.  Interpersonal effects of expressed anger and sorrow in morally charged negotiation , 2014, Judgment and Decision Making.

[18]  Kristen A. Lindquist Emotions Emerge from More Basic Psychological Ingredients: A Modern Psychological Constructionist Model , 2013 .

[19]  M. Just,et al.  Identifying Emotions on the Basis of Neural Activation , 2013, PloS one.

[20]  Gert‐Jan Lelieveld,et al.  Does communicating disappointment in negotiations help or hurt? Solving an apparent inconsistency in the social-functional approach to emotions. , 2013, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[21]  G. A. Kleef,et al.  The consequences of faking anger in negotiations , 2013 .

[22]  Kristen A. Lindquist,et al.  What’s in a Word? Language Constructs Emotion Perception , 2013 .

[23]  Elke U. Weber,et al.  The Financial Costs of Sadness , 2013, Psychological science.

[24]  L. John,et al.  Using Decision Errors to Help People Help Themselves , 2012 .

[25]  G. Northcraft,et al.  Beyond negotiated outcomes: The hidden costs of anger expression in dyadic negotiation , 2012 .

[26]  Matthew K Nock,et al.  Mind over matter: reappraising arousal improves cardiovascular and cognitive responses to stress. , 2012, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[27]  Gert‐Jan Lelieveld,et al.  Why Anger and Disappointment Affect Other’s Bargaining Behavior Differently , 2012, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[28]  Kristen A. Lindquist,et al.  The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review , 2012, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[29]  T. Bollon,et al.  Do (un)certainty appraisal tendencies reverse the influence of emotions on risk taking in sequential tasks? , 2012, Cognition & emotion.

[30]  R. Zeckhauser,et al.  The disgust-promotes-disposal effect , 2012 .

[31]  A. Freitas-Magalhães Facial Expression of Emotion , 2012 .

[32]  Dacher Keltner,et al.  Emotions as Moral Amplifiers: An Appraisal Tendency Approach to the Influences of Distinct Emotions upon Moral Judgment , 2011 .

[33]  Gerd Gigerenzer,et al.  Heuristic decision making. , 2011, Annual review of psychology.

[34]  Johan Bollen,et al.  Modeling Public Mood and Emotion: Twitter Sentiment and Socio-Economic Phenomena , 2009, ICWSM.

[35]  B. Fischhoff,et al.  Judgment and decision making. , 2012, Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Cognitive science.

[36]  A. Kring The Future of Emotion Research in the Study of Psychopathology , 2010 .

[37]  Susanne Schweizer,et al.  Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. , 2010, Clinical psychology review.

[38]  A. Manstead,et al.  An interpersonal approach to emotion in social decision making: the emotions as social information model , 2010 .

[39]  K. Kassam,et al.  Decisions Under Distress , 2009, Psychological science.

[40]  D. Cremer,et al.  How emotion communication guides reciprocity: Establishing cooperation through disappointment and anger , 2009 .

[41]  A. Anderson,et al.  In Bad Taste: Evidence for the Oral Origins of Moral Disgust , 2009, Science.

[42]  Paul,et al.  How Did Economists Get It So Wrong , 2009 .

[43]  Ilja van Beest,et al.  Get angry, get out: The interpersonal effects of anger communication in multiparty negotiation , 2008 .

[44]  A. Harvey Sleep and circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder: seeking synchrony, harmony, and regulation. , 2008, The American journal of psychiatry.

[45]  D. DeSteno,et al.  Pride and perseverance: the motivational role of pride. , 2008, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[46]  Wolfgang Steinel,et al.  A social functional approach to emotions in bargaining: when communicating anger pays and when it backfires. , 2008, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[47]  Deborah A. Small,et al.  Emotional Policy: Personal Sadness and Anger Shape Judgments about a Welfare Case , 2008 .

[48]  G. Loewenstein,et al.  Intangibility in intertemporal choice , 2008, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[49]  Elizabeth W. Dunn,et al.  Spending Money on Others Promotes Happiness , 2008, Science.

[50]  Daniel M. Oppenheimer,et al.  Heuristics made easy: an effort-reduction framework. , 2008, Psychological bulletin.

[51]  K. Oatley,et al.  Comprar Understanding Emotions | Keith Oatley | 9781405131032 | Wiley , 2008 .

[52]  A. Kring Emotion disturbances as transdiagnostic processes in psychopathology. , 2008 .

[53]  Marcel Zeelenberg,et al.  On emotion specificity in decision making: Why feeling is for doing , 2008, Judgment and Decision Making.

[54]  Karla K. Evans,et al.  Spontaneous retrieval of affective person knowledge in face perception , 2007, Neuropsychologia.

[55]  B. Mesquita,et al.  The experience of emotion. , 2007, Annual review of psychology.

[56]  Jaak Panksepp,et al.  Neuroevolutionary sources of laughter and social joy: Modeling primal human laughter in laboratory rats , 2007, Behavioural Brain Research.

[57]  J. Panksepp Neurologizing the Psychology of Affects: How Appraisal-Based Constructivism and Basic Emotion Theory Can Coexist , 2007, Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

[58]  C. Izard Basic Emotions, Natural Kinds, Emotion Schemas, and a New Paradigm , 2007, Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

[59]  Teck-Hua Ho,et al.  How Is the Boss's Mood Today? I Want a Raise , 2007, Psychological science.

[60]  Kristen A. Lindquist,et al.  Opinion TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.11 No.8 Cognitive-emotional interactions Language as context for the , 2022 .

[61]  J. Lerner,et al.  Feelings and Consumer Decision Making: The Appraisal-Tendency Framework , 2007 .

[62]  Frank J. Yates Emotion Appraisal Tendencies and Carryover: How, Why, and … Therefore? , 2007 .

[63]  Ira J. Roseman,et al.  Beat them or ban them: the characteristics and social functions of anger and contempt. , 2007, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[64]  M. F. Luce,et al.  Appraising the Appraisal-Tendency Framework , 2007 .

[65]  G. Loewenstein,et al.  Do emotions help or hurt decision making?: A hedgefoxian perspective , 2007 .

[66]  D. Fessler From appeasement to conformity: Evolutionary and cultural perspectives on shame, competition, and cooperation. , 2007 .

[67]  Jeffrey T. Polzer,et al.  Team Emotion Recognition Accuracy and Team Performance , 2007 .

[68]  Daniel Gilbert,et al.  Stumbling on Happiness , 2015 .

[69]  Michel Tuan Pham Emotion and Rationality: A Critical Review and Interpretation of Empirical Evidence , 2007 .

[70]  Antony S R Manstead,et al.  Supplication and appeasement in conflict and negotiation: The interpersonal effects of disappointment, worry, guilt, and regret. , 2006, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[71]  Robert T. Knight,et al.  Orbitofrontal Cortex and Social Behavior: Integrating Self-monitoring and Emotion-Cognition Interactions , 2006, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[72]  Jennifer S. Mueller,et al.  Emotional intelligence and counterpart mood induction in a negotiation , 2006 .

[73]  Alex Edmans,et al.  Sports Sentiment and Stock Returns , 2006 .

[74]  J. Lerner,et al.  Portrait of The Angry Decision Maker: How Appraisal Tendencies Shape Anger's Influence on Cognition. , 2006 .

[75]  L. F. Barrett Solving the Emotion Paradox: Categorization and the Experience of Emotion , 2006, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[76]  L. Thompson,et al.  The three faces of Eve: Strategic displays of positive, negative, and neutral emotions in negotiations. , 2006 .

[77]  E. Phelps Emotion and cognition: insights from studies of the human amygdala. , 2006, Annual review of psychology.

[78]  Camelia M. Kuhnen,et al.  The Neural Basis of Financial Risk Taking , 2005, Neuron.

[79]  Ernst Fehr,et al.  The Neuroeconomics of Mind Reading and Empathy , 2005, The American economic review.

[80]  J. Gross,et al.  The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion experience, behavior, and physiology. , 2005, Emotion.

[81]  Larry Dossey Disgust. , 2005, Explore.

[82]  C. D. De Dreu,et al.  The interpersonal effects of emotions in negotiations: a motivated information processing approach. , 2004, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[83]  G. Gigerenzer Dread Risk, September 11, and Fatal Traffic Accidents , 2004, Psychological science.

[84]  C. D. De Dreu,et al.  The interpersonal effects of anger and happiness in negotiations. , 2004, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[85]  O. John,et al.  Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. , 2003, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[86]  Colin Camerer Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction , 2003 .

[87]  G. Miller The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective , 2003, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[88]  Deborah A. Small,et al.  Recent EFFECTS OF FEAR AND ANGER ON PERCEIVED RISKS OF TERRORISMA National Field Experiment , 2015 .

[89]  K. Scherer,et al.  Handbook of affective sciences. , 2003 .

[90]  G. Loewenstein,et al.  The role of affect in decision making. , 2003 .

[91]  Joseph P. Forgas,et al.  Affective influences on attitudes and judgments. , 2003 .

[92]  R. Thaler,et al.  Libertarian Paternalism , 2019, Encyclopedia of Law and Economics.

[93]  P. Ekman Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life , 2003 .

[94]  Joshua D. Greene,et al.  How (and where) does moral judgment work? , 2002, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[95]  Sigal G. Barsade The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and its Influence on Group Behavior , 2002 .

[96]  J. Gabrieli,et al.  Rethinking Feelings: An fMRI Study of the Cognitive Regulation of Emotion , 2002, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[97]  H. Gray,et al.  On being sad and mistaken: mood effects on the accuracy of thin-slice judgments. , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[98]  D. Kahneman,et al.  Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment , 2002 .

[99]  G. Loewenstein,et al.  Time Discounting and Time Preference: A Critical Review , 2002 .

[100]  J. Gross Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. , 2002, Psychophysiology.

[101]  L. Tiedens,et al.  Judgment under emotional certainty and uncertainty: the effects of specific emotions on information processing. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[102]  T. Connolly,et al.  Predicting Affective Responses to Unexpected Outcomes. , 2001, Organizational behavior and human decision processes.

[103]  J. Lerner,et al.  Fear, anger, and risk. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[104]  E. Harmon-Jones,et al.  State anger and prefrontal brain activity: evidence that insult-related relative left-prefrontal activation is associated with experienced anger and aggression. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[105]  Daniel J. Barrett,et al.  An Introduction to Computerized Experience Sampling in Psychology , 2001 .

[106]  Christopher K. Hsee,et al.  Money, Kisses, and Electric Shocks: On the Affective Psychology of Risk , 2001, Psychological science.

[107]  D. Hirshleifer,et al.  Good Day Sunshine: Stock Returns and the Weather , 2001 .

[108]  B. Fredrickson The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. , 2001, The American psychologist.

[109]  Christopher K. Hsee,et al.  Risk as Feelings , 2001, Psychological bulletin.

[110]  Karen Gasper,et al.  Affective feelings as feedback: Some cognitive consequences. , 2001 .

[111]  K. Scherer,et al.  Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. , 2001 .

[112]  Lisa A. Kramer,et al.  Winter Blues: A Sad Stock Market Cycle , 2003 .

[113]  P. Totterdell Catching moods and hitting runs: mood linkage and subjective performance in professional sport teams. , 2000, The Journal of applied psychology.

[114]  B. Mellers Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. , 2000, Psychological bulletin.

[115]  S. Cunningham What is a Mind? An Integrative Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind , 2000 .

[116]  G. Bodenhausen,et al.  Sadness and Susceptibility to Judgmental Bias: The Case of Anchoring , 2000, Psychological science.

[117]  J. Lerner,et al.  Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice , 2000 .

[118]  G. Loewenstein Emotions in Economic Theory and Economic Behavior , 2000 .

[119]  G. Loewenstein,et al.  Projection Bias in Predicting Future Utility , 2000 .

[120]  D. Keltner,et al.  How Emotions Work: The Social Functions of Emotional Expression in Negotiations , 2000 .

[121]  D. Wegner,et al.  Thought suppression. , 2000, Annual review of psychology.

[122]  Duane T. Wegener,et al.  Beyond valence in the perception of likelihood: the role of emotion specificity. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[123]  Stephen M. Johnson,et al.  The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits , 2000 .

[124]  Klaus R. Scherer,et al.  On the Sequential Nature of Appraisal Processes: Indirect Evidence from a Recognition Task , 1999 .

[125]  D. Keltner,et al.  Social Functions of Emotions at Four Levels of Analysis , 1999 .

[126]  James J. Gross,et al.  Composure at Any Cost? The Cognitive Consequences of Emotion Suppression , 1999 .

[127]  Gregory P. Lee,et al.  Different Contributions of the Human Amygdala and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex to Decision-Making , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[128]  Michel Tuan Pham,et al.  All Negative Moods Are Not Equal: Motivational Influences of Anxiety and Sadness on Decision Making. , 1999, Organizational behavior and human decision processes.

[129]  Ted O’Donoghue,et al.  Doing It Now or Later , 1999 .

[130]  J. Russell,et al.  Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: dissecting the elephant. , 1999, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[131]  P. Todd,et al.  Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart , 1999 .

[132]  J. Gross The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review , 1998 .

[133]  Julie H. Goldberg,et al.  Sober Second Thought: The Effects of Accountability, Anger, and Authoritarianism on Attributions of Responsibility , 1998 .

[134]  Marcel Zeelenberg,et al.  The experience of regret and disappointment. , 1998 .

[135]  J. Elster Emotions and Economic Theory , 1998 .

[136]  Jeffrey D. Green,et al.  Arousal and attraction: Evidence for automatic and controlled processes. , 1998 .

[137]  B. Singer,et al.  The Contours of Positive Human Health , 1998 .

[138]  David I. Laibson,et al.  Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting , 1997 .

[139]  A. Damasio,et al.  Deciding Advantageously Before Knowing the Advantageous Strategy , 1997, Science.

[140]  M. F. Luce,et al.  Choice processing in emotionally difficult decisions. , 1997, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[141]  J. Tedeschi,et al.  Mediating Effects of Blame Attributions on Feelings of Anger , 1996 .

[142]  Joseph E LeDoux The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life , 1996 .

[143]  G. Clore,et al.  Mood and the use of scripts: does a happy mood really lead to mindlessness? , 1996, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[144]  G. Loewenstein Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior , 1996 .

[145]  René Descartes,et al.  Les passions de l'ame , 1996 .

[146]  S. Lyubomirsky,et al.  Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. , 1995, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[147]  Sean A. Spence,et al.  Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain , 1995 .

[148]  Prashant Bordia,et al.  Effect of Server's “Thank You” and Personalization on Restaurant Tipping1 , 1995 .

[149]  J. Forgas Mood and judgment: the affect infusion model (AIM). , 1995, Psychological bulletin.

[150]  Timothy D. Wilson,et al.  Mental contamination and mental correction: unwanted influences on judgments and evaluations. , 1994, Psychological bulletin.

[151]  G. Bodenhausen,et al.  Happiness and stereotypic thinking in social judgment. , 1994 .

[152]  G. Bodenhausen,et al.  Negative affect and social judgment: The differential impact of anger and sadness , 1994 .

[153]  Nico H. Frijda,et al.  Varieties of affect: Emotions and episodes, moods, and sentiments. , 1994 .

[154]  A. Damasio Descartes' error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. avon books , 1994 .

[155]  L. F. Barrett,et al.  Handbook of Emotions , 1993 .

[156]  David A. Aaker,et al.  Continuous measurement of self-report of emotional response , 1993 .

[157]  R. Zajonc,et al.  Affect, cognition, and awareness: affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. , 1993, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[158]  P. Ellsworth,et al.  Beyond simple pessimism: effects of sadness and anger on social perception. , 1993, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[159]  Jeff T. Larsen,et al.  The psychophysiology of emotion. , 1993 .

[160]  G. Bodenhausen Emotions, Arousal, and Stereotypic Judgments: A Heuristic Model of Affect and Stereotyping , 1993 .

[161]  Eric J. Johnson,et al.  The adaptive decision maker , 1993 .

[162]  John W. Payne,et al.  The adaptive decision maker: Name index , 1993 .

[163]  J. Gross,et al.  Emotional suppression: physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior. , 1993, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[164]  P. Ekman Facial expression and emotion. , 1993, The American psychologist.

[165]  C. Izard Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion-cognition relations. , 1992, Psychological review.

[166]  Héctor Betancourt,et al.  A Cognition (Attribution)-Emotion Model of Violence in Conflict Situations , 1992 .

[167]  H. Simon,et al.  Economics, Bounded Rationality and the Cognitive Revolution , 1992 .

[168]  P. Ekman An argument for basic emotions , 1992 .

[169]  G. Loewenstein,et al.  Anomalies in Intertemporal Choice: Evidence and an Interpretation , 1992 .

[170]  G. Clore Cognitive phenomenology: Feelings and the construction of judgment. , 1992 .

[171]  K. Oatley,et al.  Human emotions: function and dysfunction. , 1992, Annual review of psychology.

[172]  H. Arkes Costs and benefits of judgment errors: Implications for debiasing. , 1991 .

[173]  D. Kahneman,et al.  Anomalies: The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias , 1991 .

[174]  R. Lazarus Emotion and Adaptation , 1991 .

[175]  N. Schwarz,et al.  Happy and Mindless, But Sad and Smart? The Impact of Affective States on Analytic Reasoning , 1991 .

[176]  P. Ekman,et al.  Voluntary facial action generates emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[177]  L. Cosmides,et al.  The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments , 1990 .

[178]  N. Schwarz Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. , 1990 .

[179]  M. Schlossberg Passions Within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions. , 1990 .

[180]  N. Frijda,et al.  Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness , 1989 .

[181]  R. Descartes,et al.  The passions of the soul , 1989 .

[182]  Phoebe C. Ellsworth,et al.  Shades of Joy: Patterns of Appraisal Differentiating Pleasant Emotions , 1988 .

[183]  Andrew Ortony,et al.  The Cognitive Structure of Emotions , 1988 .

[184]  Robert B. Cialdini,et al.  The economics of empathic helping: Support for a mood management motive , 1988 .

[185]  William Samuelson,et al.  Status quo bias in decision making , 1988 .

[186]  N. Frijda The laws of emotion. , 1988, The American psychologist.

[187]  Paul Rozin,et al.  Operation of the laws of sympathetic magic in disgust and other domains. , 1986 .

[188]  S. Folkman,et al.  Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[189]  Craig A. Smith,et al.  Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. , 1985, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[190]  H. Arkes,et al.  The Psychology of Sunk Cost , 1985 .

[191]  P. Ekman,et al.  Approaches To Emotion , 1985 .

[192]  R. Zajonc On the primacy of affect. , 1984 .

[193]  J. Bargh Automatic and conscious processing of social information. , 1984 .

[194]  H. Simon,et al.  Reason in Human Affairs. , 1984 .

[195]  J. Averill,et al.  Studies on anger and aggression. Implications for theories of emotion. , 1983, The American psychologist.

[196]  G. Clore,et al.  Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. , 1983 .

[197]  A. Tversky,et al.  Affect, Generalization, and the Perception of Risk. , 1983 .

[198]  R. Sugden,et al.  Regret Theory: An alternative theory of rational choice under uncertainty Review of Economic Studies , 1982 .

[199]  B. Weiner,et al.  Pity, Anger, and Guilt , 1982 .

[200]  H. Raiffa,et al.  Judgment under uncertainty: A progress report on the training of probability assessors , 1982 .

[201]  N. Niven,et al.  Health psychology. , 1982, Nursing times.

[202]  A. Tversky,et al.  The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. , 1981, Science.

[203]  R. Thaler Some empirical evidence on dynamic inconsistency , 1981 .

[204]  Masanao Toda,et al.  Emotion and decision making , 1980 .

[205]  R. Zajonc Feeling and thinking : Preferences need no inferences , 1980 .

[206]  A. Tversky,et al.  Prospect Theory : An Analysis of Decision under Risk Author ( s ) : , 2007 .

[207]  A. Tversky,et al.  Prospect theory: analysis of decision under risk , 1979 .

[208]  W. James,et al.  What Is an Emotion , 1977 .

[209]  Robert C. Solomon,et al.  The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life , 1976 .

[210]  G. Ainslie Specious reward: a behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control. , 1975, Psychological bulletin.

[211]  A. Tversky,et al.  Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases , 1974, Science.

[212]  I. Janis Victims of Groupthink: A psychological study of foreign-policy decisions and fiascoes. By Irving L. Janis. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972. viii + 276 pp. Map, illustrations, chart, notes, sources, bibliography, and index. Cloth, $7.95; paper $4.50.) , 1973 .

[213]  A. K. Basu A Theory of Decision-Making , 1973, The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare.

[214]  H. Simon,et al.  Motivational and emotional controls of cognition. , 1967, Psychological review.

[215]  S. Schachter The Interaction of Cognitive and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State , 1964 .

[216]  T. Kuhn,et al.  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. , 1964 .

[217]  D. Ellsberg Decision, probability, and utility: Risk, ambiguity, and the Savage axioms , 1961 .

[218]  M. Allais Le comportement de l'homme rationnel devant le risque : critique des postulats et axiomes de l'ecole americaine , 1953 .

[219]  E. Rowland Theory of Games and Economic Behavior , 1946, Nature.

[220]  P. Samuelson A Note on Measurement of Utility , 1937 .