Parenteral nutrition: effect on bone and mineral homeostasis.

CLINICAL PROBLEMS IN MINERAL METABOLISM AND PARENTERAL NUTRITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 94 COMPOSITION OF PARENTERAL NUTRITION SOLUTIONS AND METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE HOMEOSTASIS: NORMAL MECHANISMS AND EFFECT OF PARENTERAL NUTRITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Intestinal Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Urinary Excretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Buffering by Bone. Soft Tissue. and Intracellular Pools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Parathyroid Hormone Secretion and Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 1 Vitamin D Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Other Factors Involved in Calcium Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . 104 PARENTERAL NUTRITION COMPONENTS: EFFECTS ON MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . lOS Urinary Calcium Excretion . . . . ... ...... 105 Urinary Phosphate Excretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 108 Effects on Bone Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 109 SUMMARY: EFFECTS OF PARENTERAL NUTRITION ON BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 3

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