Object manipulation, tool use and sensorimotor intelligence as feeding adaptations in cebus monkeys and great apes

In this paper we propose a typology for classifying object manipulation and tool use. We then classify tool use as context specific or intelligent tool use on the basis of criteria drawn from Piaget's Sensorimotor Intelligence Series in human infants. In an extension of Hamilton's hypothesis we argue that intelligent tool use and tertiary sensorimotor intelligence in cebus monkeys and great apes is an adaptation for feeding on a variety of seasonally limited embedded food sources, while context specific tool use is an adaptation for feeding on one class of embedded food sources. We also argue that the evolution of specific object manipulation schemata must be considered separately from the evolution of intelligence.

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