The 2021 WHO Classi fi cation of Tumors of the Pleura: Advances Since the 2015 Classi fi cation

Substantial changes in the 2021 WHO Classi fi cation of Tumors of the Pleura and Pericardium mesothelioma can be diagnosed in small biopsies having both epithelioid and sarcomatoid components even if the amount of one component is less than 10%; and (9) the most frequently altered genes in diffuse pleural mesothelioma include BAP1 , CDKN2A , NF2 , TP53 , SETD2 , and SETDB1 . (cid:2) 2022 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

[1]  N. Le Stang,et al.  Molecular characterization of pleomorphic mesothelioma: a multi-institutional study , 2021, Modern Pathology.

[2]  F. Galateau-Sallé,et al.  Multi-site tumor sampling highlights molecular intra-tumor heterogeneity in malignant pleural mesothelioma , 2021, Genome medicine.

[3]  R. Bueno,et al.  Immune Microenvironment and Genetics in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma , 2021, Frontiers in Oncology.

[4]  J. Menis,et al.  Immunotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma: a review of literature data , 2021, Translational lung cancer research.

[5]  G. Scagliotti,et al.  Pathological Characterization of Tumor Immune Microenvironment (TIME) in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma , 2021, Cancers.

[6]  W. Berger,et al.  Prognostic impact of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in malignant pleural mesothelioma: an international multicenter study , 2021, Translational lung cancer research.

[7]  M. Clerici,et al.  Characterization of the immune microenvironment in malignant pleural mesothelioma reveals prognostic subgroups of patients. , 2020, Lung cancer.

[8]  G. Wainrib,et al.  Comprehensive molecular and pathological evaluation of transitional mesothelioma assisted by deep learning approach: a multi institutional study of the International Mesothelioma Panel from MESOPATH Reference Center. , 2020, Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.

[9]  S. Imbeaud,et al.  Genetic alterations of malignant pleural mesothelioma: association with tumor heterogeneity and overall survival , 2020, Molecular oncology.

[10]  A. Borczuk,et al.  Utility of Claudin-4 versus BerEP4 and B72.3 in pleural fluids with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. , 2020, Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology.

[11]  A. Nicholson,et al.  Utility of Nuclear Grading System in Epithelioid Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma in Biopsy-heavy Setting , 2019, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[12]  L. Crinò,et al.  Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: State-of-the-Art on Current Therapies and Promises for the Future , 2020, Frontiers in Oncology.

[13]  S. Armato,et al.  EURACAN/IASLC proposals for updating the histologic classification of pleural mesothelioma: towards a more multidisciplinary approach. , 2020, Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.

[14]  David R. Jones,et al.  SMARCA4-Deficient Thoracic Sarcomatoid Tumors Represent Primarily Smoking-Related Undifferentiated Carcinomas Rather Than Primary Thoracic Sarcomas , 2019, Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.

[15]  Y. Maniwa,et al.  Malignant mesothelioma in situ diagnosed by methylthioadenosine phosphorylase loss and homozygous deletion of CDKN2A: a case report , 2019, Virchows Archiv.

[16]  N. Girard,et al.  Redefining malignant pleural mesothelioma types as a continuum uncovers immune-vascular interactions , 2019, EBioMedicine.

[17]  G. Wainrib,et al.  Deep learning-based classification of mesothelioma improves prediction of patient outcome , 2019, Nature Medicine.

[18]  N. Rekhtman,et al.  CytoLyt fixation significantly inhibits MIB1 immunoreactivity whereas alternative Ki‐67 clone 30‐9 is not susceptible to the inhibition: Critical diagnostic implications , 2019, Cancer cytopathology.

[19]  M. Ladanyi,et al.  V-domain Ig-containing suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA), a potentially targetable immune checkpoint molecule, is highly expressed in epithelioid malignant pleural mesothelioma , 2019, Modern Pathology.

[20]  A. Nicholson,et al.  Localized malignant mesothelioma, an unusual and poorly characterized neoplasm of serosal origin: best current evidence from the literature and the International Mesothelioma Panel , 2019, Modern Pathology.

[21]  F. Galateau-Sallé,et al.  Malignant mesothelioma in situ: morphologic features and clinical outcome , 2019, Modern Pathology.

[22]  P. D. Dal Cin,et al.  Molecular characterization of localized pleural mesothelioma , 2019, Modern Pathology.

[23]  G. Tan,et al.  Diagnostic Value of the EZH2 Immunomarker in Malignant Effusion Cytology , 2019, Acta Cytologica.

[24]  N. Le Stang,et al.  Interobserver variation in the assessment of the sarcomatoid and transitional components in biphasic mesotheliomas , 2019, Modern Pathology.

[25]  S. Lantuejoul,et al.  Shorter Survival in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Patients With High PD-L1 Expression Associated With Sarcomatoid or Biphasic Histology Subtype: A Series of 214 Cases From the Bio-MAPS Cohort. , 2019, Clinical lung cancer.

[26]  A. Borczuk,et al.  Immunocytochemistry for predictive biomarker testing in lung cancer cytology , 2019, Cancer cytopathology.

[27]  Y. Oda,et al.  Highly expressed EZH2 in combination with BAP1 and MTAP loss, as detected by immunohistochemistry, is useful for differentiating malignant pleural mesothelioma from reactive mesothelial hyperplasia. , 2019, Lung cancer.

[28]  J. Zucman‐Rossi,et al.  Dissecting heterogeneity in malignant pleural mesothelioma through histo-molecular gradients for clinical applications , 2019, Nature Communications.

[29]  N. Sobhani,et al.  Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes and PD-L1 expression as potential predictors of outcome in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma , 2019, Molecular Biology Reports.

[30]  P. Baas,et al.  Ipilimumab and nivolumab in the treatment of recurrent malignant pleural mesothelioma (INITIATE): results of a prospective, single-arm, phase 2 trial. , 2019, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[31]  David L. Gibbs,et al.  Integrative Molecular Characterization of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. , 2018, Cancer discovery.

[32]  F. Galateau-Sallé,et al.  Highlights of the 14th international mesothelioma interest group meeting: Pathologic separation of benign from malignant mesothelial proliferations and histologic/molecular analysis of malignant mesothelioma subtypes. , 2018, Lung cancer.

[33]  A. Roden,et al.  BAP1 loss is unusual in well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma and may predict development of malignant mesothelioma. , 2018, Human pathology.

[34]  Caitlyn A. Miller,et al.  Utility of Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase Compared With BAP1 Immunohistochemistry, and CDKN2A and NF2 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Separating Reactive Mesothelial Proliferations From Epithelioid Malignant Mesotheliomas. , 2018, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[35]  J. Pearson,et al.  Malignant cells from pleural fluids in malignant mesothelioma patients reveal novel mutations. , 2018, Lung cancer.

[36]  S. Dacic,et al.  Malignant mesothelioma in situ , 2018, Histopathology.

[37]  S. Armato,et al.  Treatment of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. , 2018, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[38]  F. Galateau-Sallé,et al.  Nuclear grade and necrosis predict prognosis in malignant epithelioid pleural mesothelioma: a multi-institutional study , 2018, Modern Pathology.

[39]  I. Yeh,et al.  Adenomatoid tumors of the male and female genital tract are defined by TRAF7 mutations that drive aberrant NF-kB pathway activation , 2017, Modern Pathology.

[40]  M. Ladanyi,et al.  A Subset of Malignant Mesotheliomas in Young Adults Are Associated With Recurrent EWSR1/FUS-ATF1 Fusions , 2017, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[41]  A. Roden,et al.  SMARCA4-deficient thoracic sarcoma: a distinctive clinicopathological entity with undifferentiated rhabdoid morphology and aggressive behavior , 2017, Modern Pathology.

[42]  M. Fukayama,et al.  Diagnostic utility of BAP1 and EZH2 expression in malignant mesothelioma , 2017, Histopathology.

[43]  T. Kohno,et al.  Clinicopathological and molecular characterization of SMARCA4-deficient thoracic sarcomas with comparison to potentially related entities , 2017, Modern Pathology.

[44]  R. Attanoos,et al.  Myxoid variant epithelioid pleural mesothelioma defines a favourable prognosis group: an analysis of 191 patients with pleural malignant mesothelioma , 2016, Journal of Clinical Pathology.

[45]  N. Le Stang,et al.  Immune biomarkers PD-1/PD-L1 and TLR3 in malignant pleural mesotheliomas. , 2016, Human pathology.

[46]  A. Gown,et al.  BAP1 Immunohistochemistry and p16 FISH in the Diagnosis of Sarcomatous and Desmoplastic Mesotheliomas , 2016, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[47]  Thomas D. Wu,et al.  Comprehensive genomic analysis of malignant pleural mesothelioma identifies recurrent mutations, gene fusions and splicing alterations , 2016, Nature Genetics.

[48]  F. Galateau-Sallé,et al.  The 2015 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Pleura: Advances since the 2004 Classification. , 2016, Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.

[49]  M. Henry,et al.  Young investigator challenge: Validation and optimization of immunohistochemistry protocols for use on cellient cell block specimens , 2016, Cancer cytopathology.

[50]  N. Girard,et al.  SMARCA4 inactivation defines a group of undifferentiated thoracic malignancies transcriptionally related to BAF-deficient sarcomas , 2015, Nature Genetics.

[51]  A. Nicholson,et al.  Introduction to The 2015 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus, and Heart. , 2015, Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.

[52]  M. Berry,et al.  Impact of mesothelioma histologic subtype on outcomes in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. , 2015, The Journal of surgical research.

[53]  G. Scagliotti,et al.  Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing of Cancer Genes in Advanced Stage Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: A Retrospective Study , 2015, Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.

[54]  G. Pinkus,et al.  Claudin‐4 immunohistochemistry is highly effective in distinguishing adenocarcinoma from malignant mesothelioma in effusion cytology , 2014, Cancer cytopathology.

[55]  Linda A Bradley,et al.  Principles of analytic validation of immunohistochemical assays: Guideline from the College of American Pathologists Pathology and Laboratory Quality Center. , 2014, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[56]  V. Rusch,et al.  The challenge of malignant pleural mesothelioma: new directions. , 2014, Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.

[57]  John M S Bartlett,et al.  Recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists clinical practice guideline update. , 2014, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[58]  C. Mathers,et al.  GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2013 .

[59]  V. Rusch,et al.  Initial Analysis of the International Association For the Study of Lung Cancer Mesothelioma Database , 2012, Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.

[60]  V. Rusch,et al.  Do we need a revised staging system for malignant pleural mesothelioma? Analysis of the IASLC database. , 2012, Annals of cardiothoracic surgery.

[61]  V. Rusch Extrapleural pneumonectomy and extended pleurectomy/decortication for malignant pleural mesothelioma: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center approach. , 2012, Annals of cardiothoracic surgery.

[62]  N. Ordóñez Pleomorphic mesothelioma: report of 10 cases , 2012, Modern Pathology.

[63]  C. Sima,et al.  A nuclear grading system is a strong predictor of survival in epitheloid diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma , 2012, Modern Pathology.

[64]  N. Ordóñez Mesotheliomas with small cell features: report of eight cases , 2012, Modern Pathology.

[65]  F. Galateau-Sallé,et al.  The Separation of Benign and Malignant Mesothelial Proliferations , 2000, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[66]  N. Cox,et al.  Germline BAP1 mutations predispose to malignant mesothelioma , 2011, Nature Genetics.

[67]  C. Sander,et al.  The nuclear deubiquitinase BAP1 is commonly inactivated by somatic mutations and 3p21.1 losses in malignant pleural mesothelioma , 2011, Nature Genetics.

[68]  C. Sima,et al.  Pleomorphic Epithelioid Diffuse Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: A Clinicopathological Review and Conceptual Proposal to Reclassify as Biphasic or Sarcomatoid Mesothelioma , 2011, Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.

[69]  A. Krasinskas,et al.  The diagnostic utility of p16 FISH and GLUT-1 immunohistochemical analysis in mesothelial proliferations. , 2011, American journal of clinical pathology.

[70]  R. Haba,et al.  Lymphohistiocytoid mesothelioma of the pleura , 2010, Pathology international.

[71]  T. Nojima,et al.  Adenomatoid tumor of the pleura , 2009, Pathology international.

[72]  V. Seshan,et al.  The impact of lymph node station on survival in 348 patients with surgically resected malignant pleural mesothelioma: implications for revision of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system. , 2008, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[73]  Simion I. Chiosea,et al.  Diagnostic importance of 9p21 homozygous deletion in malignant mesotheliomas , 2008, Modern Pathology.

[74]  F. Galateau-Sallé,et al.  Lymphohistiocytoid Variant of Malignant Mesothelioma of the Pleura: A Series of 22 Cases , 2007, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[75]  T. Yusa [Treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma]. , 2007, Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy.

[76]  N. Ordóñez Mesothelioma with rhabdoid features: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of 10 cases , 2006, Modern Pathology.

[77]  Y. Soini,et al.  Claudins in differential diagnosis between mesothelioma and metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pleura , 2006, Journal of Clinical Pathology.

[78]  G. Giaccone,et al.  Randomized phase III study of cisplatin with or without raltitrexed in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma: an intergroup study of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Group and the National Cancer Institute of Canada. , 2005, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[79]  J. Qin,et al.  Malignant mesothelioma with a pronounced myxoid stroma: a clinical and pathological evaluation of 19 cases , 2005, Virchows Archiv.

[80]  F. Galateau-Sallé,et al.  Well-differentiated Papillary Mesothelioma of the Pleura: A Series of 24 Cases , 2004, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[81]  D. Klimstra,et al.  Lymphohistiocytoid Mesothelioma: A Clinical, Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Study of Four Cases and Literature Review , 2004, Ultrastructural pathology.

[82]  M. Ladanyi,et al.  The use of CDKN2A deletion as a diagnostic marker for malignant mesothelioma in body cavity effusions , 2002, Cancer.

[83]  S. Hirohashi,et al.  Proximal-Type Epithelioid Sarcoma: A Clinicopathologic Study of 20 Cases , 2001, Modern Pathology.

[84]  V. Rusch,et al.  Important prognostic factors in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma, managed surgically. , 1999, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[85]  G. Giaccone,et al.  Prognostic factors in patients with pleural mesothelioma: the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer experience. , 1998, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[86]  W. Travis,et al.  Adenomatoid tumors of the pleura. , 1996, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[87]  A. Gibbs,et al.  The histology and immunohistochemistry of small cell mesothelioma , 1992, Histopathology.

[88]  Sheila Kelly European drug regulation , 1991, The Lancet.

[89]  R. Steele,et al.  Lymphohistiocytoid mesothelioma: a rare lymphomatoid variant of predominantly sarcomatoid mesothelioma. , 1988, Ultrastructural pathology.