Epidural steroid therapy for back and leg pain: mechanisms of action and efficacy.

[1]  C. Mosdal,et al.  Epidural application of cortico-steroids in low-back pain and sciatica , 2005, Acta Neurochirurgica.

[2]  M. Rosa,et al.  Multiple control of inflammation by glucocorticoids , 2005, Agents and Actions.

[3]  B. Winkelstein,et al.  Mechanical thresholds for initiation and persistence of pain following nerve root injury: mechanical and chemical contributions at injury. , 2004, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering.

[4]  R. Dengler,et al.  Corticosteroids and neuromuscular transmission: Electrophysiological investigation of the effects of prednisolone on normal and anticholinesterase-treated neuromuscular junction , 1979, Pflügers Archiv.

[5]  K. Botwin,et al.  Fluoroscopically Guided Lumbar Transformational Epidural Steroid Injections in Degenerative Lumbar Stenosis: An Outcome Study , 2002, American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation.

[6]  G. Lutz,et al.  Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections in Lumbosacral Radiculopathy: A Prospective Randomized Study , 2002, Spine.

[7]  O. Tervonen,et al.  Periradicular Infiltration for Sciatica: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2001, Spine.

[8]  T. Takebayashi,et al.  Effect of Nucleus Pulposus on the Neural Activity of Dorsal Root Ganglion , 2001, Spine.

[9]  L. Lenke,et al.  The Effect of Nerve-Root Injections on the Need for Operative Treatment of Lumbar Radicular Pain: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Study* , 2000, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[10]  D. Brocai,et al.  Epidural Corticosteroid Injection in the Conservative Management of Sciatica , 2000, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[11]  S. Abram Treatment of lumbosacral radiculopathy with epidural steroids. , 1999, Anesthesiology.

[12]  G. Lutz,et al.  Fluoroscopic transforaminal lumbar epidural steroids: an outcome study. , 1998, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[13]  J. Weinstein,et al.  The Effect of Epidural Injection of Betamethasone or Bupivacaine in a Rat Model of Lumbar Radiculopathy , 1998, Spine.

[14]  R. McLain,et al.  Transient paralysis associated with epidural steroid injection. , 1997, Journal of spinal disorders.

[15]  S. Carette,et al.  Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica due to herniated nucleus pulposus. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[16]  Watts Rw,et al.  A Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Epidural Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Sciatica: , 1995 .

[17]  J. Cavanaugh Neural Mechanisms of Lumbar Pain , 1995, Spine.

[18]  N. Bogduk Spine Update Epidural Steroids , 1995 .

[19]  J. Weinstein,et al.  Neuropeptide Changes in Compressed Spinal Nerve Roots , 1995, Spine.

[20]  S. Roberts,et al.  Neuropeptides in the human intervertebral disc , 1994, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[21]  R. Grahame,et al.  Outcome Assessment After Epidural Corticosteroid Injection for Low Back Pain and Sciatica , 1993, Spine.

[22]  E. Orav,et al.  Clinical Classification as a Predictor of Therapeutic Outcome After Cervical Epidural Steroid Injection , 1993, Spine.

[23]  S. Abram,et al.  Factors Associated With Failure of Lumbar Epidural Steroids , 1992, Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine.

[24]  G. Weissmann,et al.  A Mechanism for the Antiinflammatory Effects of Corticosteroids , 1993, Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition.

[25]  J. Saal,et al.  Human Disc Phospholipase A2 is Inflammatory , 1992, Spine.

[26]  R. Derby,et al.  Response to Steroid and Duration of Radicular Pain as Predictors of Surgical Outcome , 1992, Spine.

[27]  Powers Ra,et al.  Lumbar epidural injection of steroid in acute prolapsed intervertebral discs. A prospective study. , 1992 .

[28]  R. Jamison,et al.  Low back pain patients unresponsive to an epidural steroid injection: identifying predictive factors. , 1991, The Clinical journal of pain.

[29]  D. Renfrew,et al.  Correct placement of epidural steroid injections: fluoroscopic guidance and contrast administration. , 1991, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[30]  S. Hiller,et al.  A Controlled Study of Caudal Epidural Injections of Triamcinolone Plus Procaine for the Management of Intractable Sciatica , 1991, Spine.

[31]  P. Vadas,et al.  Phospholipase A2--a mediator between proximal and distal effectors of inflammation. , 1991, Immunology today.

[32]  K. Olmarker,et al.  Spinal nerve root compression. Nutrition and function of the porcine cauda equina compressed in vivo. , 1991, Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[33]  H. Andersen,et al.  Polyethylene failure of metal-backed patellar components. 111 AGC total knees followed for 7-22 months. , 1991, Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica.

[34]  S. Dower,et al.  Induction of an interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) on monocytic cells. Evidence that the receptor is not encoded by a T cell-type IL-1R mRNA. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[35]  E. Marani,et al.  Innervation of annulus fibrosis in low back pain , 1990, The Lancet.

[36]  J. Saal,et al.  High Levels of Inflammatory Phospholipase A2 Activity in Lumbar Disc Herniations , 1990, Spine.

[37]  B. Sjölund,et al.  Local corticosteroid application blocks transmission in normal nociceptive C‐fibres , 1990, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[38]  S. Santavirta,et al.  Neuroimmunohistochemical Analysis of Peridiscal Nociceptive Neural Elements , 1990, Spine.

[39]  Nicholas,et al.  Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. , 1990, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[40]  I. Ginsburg,et al.  Endothelial cell killing by neutrophils. Synergistic interaction of oxygen products and proteases. , 1989, The American journal of pathology.

[41]  P. Vadas,et al.  The proinflammatory effect of intra-articular injection of soluble human and venom phospholipase A2. , 1989, The American journal of pathology.

[42]  J. Weinstein,et al.  The Pain of Discography , 1988, Spine.

[43]  P. Vadas,et al.  Secretory synovial fluid phospholipase A2 and its role in the pathogenesis of inflammation in arthritis. , 1988, The Journal of rheumatology.

[44]  D. Rappolee,et al.  Secretory products of phagocytes. , 1988, Current opinion in immunology.

[45]  G. Kingsley,et al.  Outpatient lumbar epidural corticosteroid injection in the management of sciatica. , 1988, British journal of rheumatology.

[46]  P. Ghezzi,et al.  Dexamethasone modulation of LPS, IL-1, and TNF stimulated serum amyloid A synthesis in mice. , 1988, Lymphokine research.

[47]  T. Waldmann,et al.  Expression of functional IL 2 receptors by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma stimulated human monocytes. , 1987, Journal of immunology.

[48]  B. Beutler,et al.  Cachectin: more than a tumor necrosis factor. , 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

[49]  B. Beutler,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) is an endogenous pyrogen and induces production of interleukin 1 , 1986, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[50]  H. Benzon Epidural steroid injections for low back pain and lumbosacral radiculopathy , 1986, Pain.

[51]  B. Beutler,et al.  Brief Definitive Report Cachectin/tumor Necrosis Factor Stimulates Collagenase and Prostaglandin E2 Production by Human Synovial Cells and Dermal , 2022 .

[52]  R. Flower,et al.  Hydrocortisone and 'macrocortin' inhibit the zymosan-induced release of lyso-PAF from rat peritoneal leucocytes. , 1985, Life sciences.

[53]  R. Rothman,et al.  The use of epidural steroids in the treatment of lumbar radicular pain. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. , 1985, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[54]  M. Devor,et al.  Membrane differentiation in rat dorsal root ganglia and possible consequences for back pain , 1984, Neuroscience Letters.

[55]  A. T. Berman,et al.  The Effects of Epidural Injection of Local Anesthetics and Corticosteroids on Patients with Lumbosciatic Pain , 1984, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[56]  L. Klenerman,et al.  Lumbar epidural injections in the treatment of sciatica. , 1984, British journal of rheumatology.

[57]  G Lundborg,et al.  Pathoanatomy and Pathophysiology of Nerve Root Compression , 1984, Spine.

[58]  A. White Injection techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. , 1983, The Orthopedic clinics of North America.

[59]  N. Bogduk The Innervation of the Lumbar Spine , 1983, Spine.

[60]  H. Weber,et al.  Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Controlled, Prospective Study with Ten Years of Observation , 2009 .

[61]  J. O'Brien,et al.  The neuropathology of intervertebral discs removed for low‐back pain , 1980, The Journal of pathology.

[62]  J. Gordon Caudal extradural injection for the treatment of low back pain , 1980, Anaesthesia.

[63]  R. Derby,et al.  Epidural Injections for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Low-Back Pain , 1980, Spine.

[64]  G. Heyse-Moore A rational approach to the use of epidural medication in the treatment of sciatic pain. , 1978, Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica.

[65]  R. W. Murphy Nerve roots and spinal nerves in degenerative disk disease. , 1977, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[66]  F. W. Brown Management of diskogenic pain using epidural and intrathecal steroids. , 1977, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[67]  William H. Calvin,et al.  Mechanosensitivity of dorsal root ganglia and chronically injured axons: A physiological basis for the radicular pain of nerve root compression , 1977, Pain.

[68]  H. Weber,et al.  Double blind evaluation of extradural methyl prednisolone for herniated lumbar discs. , 1977, Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica.

[69]  L. N. Green Dexamethasone in the management of symptoms due to herniated lumbar disc. , 1975, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[70]  Kim Si,et al.  Caudal-epidural corticosteroids in post-laminectomy syndrome: treatment for low-back pain. , 1975 .

[71]  R. Grahame,et al.  Extradural Corticosteroid Injection in Management of Lumbar Nerve Root Compression , 1973 .

[72]  T. Vates,et al.  COMPLICATIONS FROM INTRATHECAL STEROID THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS , 1973, Acta neurologica Scandinavica.

[73]  A. Winnie,et al.  Pain Clinic II: lntradural arid Extradural Corticosteroids for Sciatica , 1972, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[74]  J. Wilkinson,et al.  Chronic lumbosciatic syndrome treated by epidural injection and manipulation. , 1972, The Practitioner.

[75]  R. Ito The treatment of low back pain and sciatica with epidural corticosteroids injection and its pathophysiological basis. , 1971, Nihon Seikeigeka Gakkai zasshi.

[76]  M. Swerdlow,et al.  A study of extradural medication in the relief of the lumbosciatic syndrome , 1970, Anaesthesia.

[77]  A. Hakelius Prognosis in sciatica. A clinical follow-up of surgical and non-surgical treatment. , 1970, Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[78]  W. Hitselberger,et al.  Abnormal myelograms in asymptomatic patients. , 1968, Journal of neurosurgery.

[79]  M. Roberts,et al.  Tuberculous meningitis after intrathecally administered methylprednisolone acetate. , 1967, JAMA.

[80]  C. Harley Extradural corticosteroid infiltration. A follow-up study of 50 cases. , 1967, Annals of physical medicine.

[81]  Shealy Cn Dangers of spinal injections without proper diagnosis. , 1966 .

[82]  G. Robin,et al.  Epidural injections in the lumbosciatic syndrome. , 1961, British journal of anaesthesia.

[83]  W. Gardner,et al.  Sciatica: treatment with epidural injections of procaine and hydrocortisone. , 1960, Cleveland Clinic quarterly.

[84]  D. L. Mcrae Asymptomatic intervertebral disc protrusions. , 1956, Acta radiologica.

[85]  A. Berg Clinical and myelographic studies of conservatively treated cases of lumbar intervertebral disk protrusion. , 1952, Acta chirurgica Scandinavica.

[86]  O. Lindahl,et al.  Histologic changes in spinal nerve roots of operated cases of sciatica. , 1951, Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica.

[87]  B. Rexed,et al.  Spinal nerve injury in dorso-lateral protrusions of lumbar disks. , 1948, Journal of neurosurgery.

[88]  H. Kelman Epidural injection therapy for sciatic pain , 1944 .

[89]  W. Evans INTRASACRAL EPIDURAL INJECTION IN THE TREATMENT OF SCIATICA. , 1930 .

[90]  N. Viner Intractable Sciatica. The Sacral Epidural Injection; An Effective Method of Giving Relief. , 1925, Canadian Medical Association journal.