Milk Products, Insulin Resistance Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes

A growing body of evidence suggests an inverse relationship between calcium and vitamin D status and dairy food intake and the development of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2DM). Observational studies show a consistent inverse association between dairy intake and the prevalence of IRS and t2DM. In a systematic review of the observational evidence, the odds for developing the IRS was 0.71 (95% CI, 0,57–0.89) for the highest dairy intake (3–4 servings/d) vs. the lowest intake (0.9–1.7 servings/d). Few interventional studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of dairy food intake on the management of prevention of IRS or t2DM. Intervention studies that have examined the independent effects of dairy intake on specific metabolic components of the IRS including blood pressure and obesigenic parameters have shown favorable effects that support the observational findings albeit the results have been less consistent. Many metabolic and dietary factors appear to influence the degree to which dairy affects IRS metabolic parameters including calcium and vitamin D intake status, BMI, ethnicity and age. Overall, the intake of low-fat dairy products is a feature of a healthy dietary pattern which has been shown to contribute to a significant extent to the prevention of IRS.

[1]  R. Berg,et al.  A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis , 2010 .

[2]  G. Major,et al.  Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and fat mass loss in female very low-calcium consumers: potential link with a calcium-specific appetite control. , 2008, The British journal of nutrition.

[3]  N. Unwin,et al.  Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National , 2009 .

[4]  R. Kelishadi,et al.  Factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in a national sample of youths: CASPIAN Study. , 2008, Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD.

[5]  B. Caballero,et al.  Ethnic differences in dairy and related nutrient consumption among US adults and their association with obesity, central obesity, and the metabolic syndrome. , 2008, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[6]  M. Marmot,et al.  Dietary patterns and 15-y risks of major coronary events, diabetes, and mortality. , 2008, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[7]  J. Dekker,et al.  A Prospective Study of Dairy Consumption in Relation to Changes in Metabolic Risk Factors: The Hoorn Study , 2008, Obesity.

[8]  G. Major,et al.  Recent developments in calcium‐related obesity research , 2008, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[9]  J. Stevens,et al.  Dietary Intake and the Development of the Metabolic Syndrome: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study , 2008, Circulation.

[10]  R. DiSilvestro,et al.  Effects of Various Forms of Calcium on Body Weight and Bone Turnover Markers in Women Participating in a Weight Loss Program , 2007, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[11]  D. Arveiler,et al.  High consumptions of grain, fish, dairy products and combinations of these are associated with a low prevalence of metabolic syndrome , 2007, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

[12]  P. Elwood,et al.  Milk and dairy consumption, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: the Caerphilly prospective study , 2007, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

[13]  Bess Dawson-Hughes,et al.  The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2007, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[14]  T. Lobstein,et al.  Policy options for responding to the growing challenge from obesity in the United Kingdom , 2007, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[15]  A. Astrup,et al.  Effect of dairy calcium or supplementary calcium intake on postprandial fat metabolism, appetite, and subsequent energy intake. , 2007, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[16]  J. Schrezenmeir,et al.  Milk and the metabolic syndrome , 2007, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[17]  G. Major,et al.  Supplementation with calcium + vitamin D enhances the beneficial effect of weight loss on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. , 2007, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[18]  R. Lyle,et al.  Effect of 1‐Year Dairy Product Intervention on Fat Mass in Young Women: 6‐Month Follow‐up , 2006, Obesity.

[19]  R. Mensink.  Dairy products and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease , 2006 .

[20]  M. Zeegers,et al.  Blood pressure response to calcium supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials , 2006, Journal of Human Hypertension.

[21]  J. Pankow,et al.  Influence of Saturated Fat and Linolenic Acid on the Association Between Intake of Dairy Products and Blood Pressure , 2006, Hypertension.

[22]  D. Arveiler,et al.  Independent contribution of dairy products and calcium intake to blood pressure variations at a population level , 2006, Journal of hypertension.

[23]  D. Giugliano,et al.  Beneficial effects of a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan on features of the metabolic syndrome. , 2006, Diabetes care.

[24]  A. Baxter,et al.  Dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome--a review of epidemiologic evidence. , 2006, Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition.

[25]  J. Manson,et al.  Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women. , 2006, Diabetes care.

[26]  J. Manson,et al.  Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women. , 2005, Diabetes care.

[27]  E. Melanson,et al.  Effect of low- and high-calcium dairy-based diets on macronutrient oxidation in humans. , 2005, Obesity research.

[28]  J. Harvey-Berino,et al.  The impact of calcium and dairy product consumption on weight loss. , 2005, Obesity research.

[29]  S. Woods,et al.  Is the insulin resistance syndrome the price to be paid to achieve body weight stability? , 2005, International Journal of Obesity.

[30]  F. Azizi,et al.  Dairy consumption is inversely associated with the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Tehranian adults. , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[31]  M. Zemel,et al.  Effect of energy-reduced diets high in dairy products and fiber on weight loss in obese adults. , 2005, Obesity research.

[32]  M. Noakes,et al.  Effect of calcium and dairy foods in high protein, energy-restricted diets on weight loss and metabolic parameters in overweight adults , 2005, International Journal of Obesity.

[33]  M. Zemel,et al.  Effects of calcium and dairy on body composition and weight loss in African-American adults. , 2005, Obesity research.

[34]  M. Cabanac,et al.  Calcium deficiency cannot induce obesity in rats , 2005, Physiology & Behavior.

[35]  D. Lawlor,et al.  Avoiding milk is associated with a reduced risk of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study , 2005, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[36]  E. Rimm,et al.  Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men: a prospective study. , 2005, Archives of internal medicine.

[37]  G. McCabe,et al.  Dairy products do not lead to alterations in body weight or fat mass in young women in a 1-y intervention. , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[38]  M. Zemel,et al.  Dairy augmentation of total and central fat loss in obese subjects , 2005, International Journal of Obesity.

[39]  S. Toubro,et al.  Effect of short-term high dietary calcium intake on 24-h energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and fecal fat excretion , 2005, International Journal of Obesity.

[40]  Maria Inês Schmidt,et al.  The metabolic syndrome and 11-year risk of incident cardiovascular disease in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. , 2005, Diabetes care.

[41]  K. Reynolds,et al.  Association between inflammation and insulin resistance in U.S. nondiabetic adults: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. , 2004, Diabetes care.

[42]  A. Smit,et al.  Granularin, a novel molluscan opsonin comprising a single vWF type C domain is up‐regulated during parasitation , 2004, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[43]  M. Zemel,et al.  Calcium and dairy acceleration of weight and fat loss during energy restriction in obese adults. , 2004, Obesity research.

[44]  S. Grundy,et al.  Clinical management of metabolic syndrome: report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association conference on scientific issues related to management. , 2004, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[45]  Claude Lenfant,et al.  Definition of Metabolic Syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition , 2004, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[46]  P. Hjemdahl,et al.  The sympathetic response to euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemia , 1992, Diabetologia.

[47]  R. Harris,et al.  High dietary calcium reduces body fat content, digestibility of fat, and serum vitamin D in rats. , 2003, Obesity research.

[48]  G. Grunwald,et al.  Relation between calcium intake and fat oxidation in adult humans , 2003, International Journal of Obesity.

[49]  J. Mckenney,et al.  National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) , 2002 .

[50]  E. Air,et al.  The Catabolic Action of Insulin in the Brain Is Mediated by Melanocortins , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[51]  Mark A Pereira,et al.  Dairy consumption, obesity, and the insulin resistance syndrome in young adults: the CARDIA Study. , 2002, JAMA.

[52]  M. Zemel.  Regulation of Adiposity and Obesity Risk By Dietary Calcium: Mechanisms and Implications , 2002, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[53]  S. Grundy,et al.  National Cholesterol Education Program Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program ( NCEP ) Expert Panel on Detection , Evaluation , and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults ( Adult Treatment Panel III ) Final Report , 2022 .

[54]  G. Berglund,et al.  Food patterns and components of the metabolic syndrome in men and women: a cross-sectional study within the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. , 2001, American journal of epidemiology.

[55]  M. Tordoff,et al.  Calcium: taste, intake, and appetite. , 2001, Physiological reviews.

[56]  G. Bray,et al.  Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[57]  Betty Greer,et al.  Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium , 2000, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[58]  E. Feskens,et al.  Possible protective effect of bread and dairy products on the risk of the metabolic syndrome , 2000 .

[59]  Orton,et al.  EFFECTS ON BLOOD PRESSURE OF REDUCED DIETARY SODIUM AND THE DIETARY APPROACHES TO STOP HYPERTENSION ( DASH ) DIET , 2000 .

[60]  J. Manson,et al.  Dietary protein and risk of ischemic heart disease in women. , 1999, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[61]  C. Summerbell,et al.  Randomised controlled trial of novel, simple, and well supervised weight reducing diets in outpatients , 1998, BMJ.

[62]  G. Bray,et al.  A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[63]  H. Valkenburg,et al.  Prevalence and Determinants of Glucose Intolerance in a Dutch Caucasian Population: The Hoorn Study , 1995, Diabetes Care.

[64]  E. Ravussin,et al.  Reduced insulin secretion: an independent predictor of body weight gain. , 1995, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[65]  C. Bouchard,et al.  Hyperinsulinemia and regulation of energy balance. , 1995, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[66]  P. Vollenweider,et al.  Differential effects of hyperinsulinemia and carbohydrate metabolism on sympathetic nerve activity and muscle blood flow in humans. , 1993, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[67]  S. Woods,et al.  Inhibition of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression by insulin. , 1992, Endocrinology.

[68]  E. Ravussin,et al.  Insulin resistance associated with lower rates of weight gain in Pima Indians. , 1991, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[69]  J W Rowe,et al.  Effect of Insulin and Glucose Infusions on Sympathetic Nervous System Activity in Normal Man , 1981, Diabetes.

[70]  G. Bray,et al.  Hunger : basic mechanisms and clinical implications , 1976 .