Clusterin expression is significantly enhanced in prostate cancer cells following androgen withdrawal therapy

Progression of prostate cancer to androgen independence (AI) results in part from the upregulation of anti‐apoptotic genes following androgen withdrawal, and androgen‐independent disease remains the primary obstacle to improved survival. Testosterone‐repressed prostate message‐2 (TRPM‐2) encodes the anti‐apoptotic protein clusterin, which is upregulated in response to cellular compromise as observed in normal and malignant tissues undergoing apoptosis. Systemic administration of antisense clusterin oligonucleotides in prostate cancer xenograft models delays progression to AI and enhances chemosensitivity. The objective of this study was to define changes in clusterin expression following neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) in prostate cancer patients.

[1]  D. S. Coffey,et al.  Genetic instability coupled to clonal selection as a mechanism for tumor progression in the Dunning R-3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma system. , 1982, Cancer research.

[2]  H. Miyake,et al.  Testosterone-repressed prostate message-2 is an antiapoptotic gene involved in progression to androgen independence in prostate cancer. , 2000, Cancer research.

[3]  Goldenberg,et al.  Immunohistochemical Analysis of Radical Prostatectomy Specimens After 8 Months of Neoadjuvant Hormonal Therapy. , 1999, Molecular urology.

[4]  O. Blaschuk,et al.  Purification and characterization of a cell-aggregating factor (clusterin), the major glycoprotein in ram rete testis fluid. , 1983, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[5]  C. Franceschi,et al.  Studies on the relationship between cell proliferation and cell death: opposite patterns of SGP-2 and ornithine decarboxylase mRNA accumulation in PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes. , 1991, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[6]  H. Perlman,et al.  An elevated bax/bcl-2 ratio corresponds with the onset of prostate epithelial cell apoptosis , 1999, Cell Death and Differentiation.

[7]  T. McDonnell,et al.  Apoptosis suppression by bcl-2 is correlated with the regulation of nuclear and cytosolic Ca2+. , 1996, Oncogene.

[8]  M. Tenniswood,et al.  Androgen‐repressed messages in the rat ventral prostate , 1986, The Prostate.

[9]  C. Olsson,et al.  Induction of the TRPM-2 gene in cells undergoing programmed death , 1989, Molecular and cellular biology.

[10]  M. Gleave,et al.  Prostate cancer: 9. Treatment of advanced disease. , 1999, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[11]  H. Miyake,et al.  Antisense TRPM-2 oligodeoxynucleotides chemosensitize human androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. , 2000, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[12]  M. Gleave,et al.  Castration-induced up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 potentiates insulin-like growth factor-I activity and accelerates progression to androgen independence in prostate cancer models. , 2000, Cancer research.

[13]  M. Gleave,et al.  Androgenic Induction of Prostate-specific Antigen Gene Is Repressed by Protein-Protein Interaction between the Androgen Receptor and AP-1/c-Jun in the Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line LNCaP* , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[14]  M. Jäättelä,et al.  Escaping cell death: survival proteins in cancer. , 1999, Experimental cell research.

[15]  H. Miyake,et al.  Acquisition of chemoresistant phenotype by overexpression of the antiapoptotic gene testosterone-repressed prostate message-2 in prostate cancer xenograft models. , 2000, Cancer research.

[16]  A. MacKenzie,et al.  The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and their emerging role in cancer , 1998, Oncogene.

[17]  M. Gleave,et al.  Chemosensitization and delayed androgen-independent recurrence of prostate cancer with the use of antisense Bcl-2 oligodeoxynucleotides. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[18]  Huiling He,et al.  Maintenance of Calcium Homeostasis in the Endoplasmic Reticulum by Bcl-2 , 1997, The Journal of cell biology.

[19]  N. Davidson,et al.  Programmed cell death during regression of the MCF-7 human breast cancer following estrogen ablation. , 1991, Cancer research.

[20]  S. Sayeed,et al.  Cytotoxic sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor‐α in PC3 and LNCaP prostatic cancer cells is regulated by extracellular levels of SGP‐2 (clusterin) , 1999, The Prostate.

[21]  S. North,et al.  Stress-induced transcription of the clusterin/apoJ gene. , 1997, The Biochemical journal.

[22]  P. Howe,et al.  Transforming growth factor beta regulates clusterin gene expression via modulation of transcription factor c-Fos. , 1999, European journal of biochemistry.

[23]  M. Baik,et al.  Gene expression during involution of mammary gland (review). , 1998, International journal of molecular medicine.

[24]  J. O’Sullivan,et al.  Clusterin Biogenesis Is Altered during Apoptosis in the Regressing Rat Ventral Prostate* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[25]  A. Rademaker,et al.  Intracellular levels of SGP-2 (Clusterin) correlate with tumor grade in prostate cancer. , 1997, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[26]  W. Oh.  Chemotherapy for patients with advanced prostate carcinoma , 2000, Cancer.

[27]  J. Tschopp,et al.  Clusterin: the intriguing guises of a widely expressed glycoprotein. , 1992, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[28]  M. Griswold,et al.  Prevention of cell death induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha in LNCaP cells by overexpression of sulfated glycoprotein-2 (clusterin). , 1995, Cancer research.

[29]  J. Fitzpatrick,et al.  Heat‐shock proteins inhibit induction of prostate cancer cell apoptosis , 2000 .

[30]  L. Martiny,et al.  Transforming growth factor beta-1 up-regulates clusterin synthesis in thyroid epithelial cells. , 1999, Experimental cell research.

[31]  A. Skubitz,et al.  Clusterin promotes the aggregation and adhesion of renal porcine epithelial cells. , 1995, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[32]  S. Dudek,et al.  Prostatic ductal system in rats: regional variation in localization of an androgen-repressed gene product, sulfated glycoprotein-2. , 1991, Endocrinology.

[33]  M. Tenniswood,et al.  Characterization and cloning of androgen-repressed mRNAs from rat ventral prostate. , 1987, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[34]  N. Kyprianou,et al.  Programmed cell death during regression of PC-82 human prostate cancer following androgen ablation. , 1990, Cancer research.

[35]  P. Kantoff,et al.  Management of hormone refractory prostate cancer: current standards and future prospects. , 1998, The Journal of urology.

[36]  Noah Craft,et al.  A mechanism for hormone-independent prostate cancer through modulation of androgen receptor signaling by the HER-2/neu tyrosine kinase , 1999, Nature Medicine.

[37]  C. Franceschi,et al.  In vivo accumulation of sulfated glycoprotein 2 mRNA in rat thymocytes upon dexamethasone-induced cell death. , 1991, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[38]  P. Gilna,et al.  Identification of an androgen-repressed mRNA in rat ventral prostate as coding for sulphated glycoprotein 2 by cDNA cloning and sequence analysis. , 1989, The Biochemical journal.

[39]  J. Carver,et al.  Clusterin is an ATP-independent chaperone with very broad substrate specificity that stabilizes stressed proteins in a folding-competent state. , 2000, Biochemistry.

[40]  J. Srigley,et al.  Randomized, prospective, controlled study comparing radical prostatectomy alone and neoadjuvant androgen withdrawal in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Canadian Urologic Oncology Group. , 1996, The Journal of urology.

[41]  H. Pehamberger,et al.  Chemosensitisation of malignant melanoma by BCL2 antisense therapy , 2000, The Lancet.

[42]  M. Weber,et al.  Immune complex kinase assays for mitogen-activated protein kinase and MEK. , 1995, Methods in enzymology.

[43]  L. Denis,et al.  Overview of phase III trials on combined androgen treatment in patients with metastatic prostate cancer , 1993, Cancer.

[44]  Bettuzzi Saverio,et al.  Tumor progression is accompanied by significant changes in the levels of expression of polyamine metabolism regulatory genes and clusterin (sulfated glycoprotein 2) in human prostate cancer specimens. , 2000 .

[45]  J. Carver,et al.  Clusterin Has Chaperone-like Activity Similar to That of Small Heat Shock Proteins* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[46]  I. Pastan,et al.  Therapeutic strategies involving the multidrug resistance phenotype: the MDR1 gene as target, chemoprotectant, and selectable marker in gene therapy. , 1999, Advances in pharmacology.

[47]  M E Rosenberg,et al.  Clusterin: physiologic and pathophysiologic considerations. , 1995, The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.