Management of patients receiving implantable cardiac defibrillator shocks: recommendations for acute and long-term patient management.
暂无分享,去创建一个
Giuseppe Boriani | Renato Ricci | Martin J Schalij | Josef Kautzner | Susanne S Pedersen | Steen Pehrson | Alexander Bauer | Frieder Braunschweig | G. Boriani | M. Schalij | J. Kautzner | F. Braunschweig | C. Herrmann-Lingen | S. Pedersen | A. Bauer | R. Ricci | R. Hatala | S. Pehrson | Christoph Herrmann-Lingen | Robert Hatala
[1] L. Michalis,et al. Haemodynamic and catecholamine response to simulated ventricular tachycardia in man: effect of baseline left ventricular function , 2003, Heart.
[2] A. Waldo,et al. Prophylactic Catheter Ablation for the Prevention of Defibrillator Therapy , 2008 .
[3] Dianne Pelletier Rn,et al. Australian implantable cardiac defibrillator recipients: quality-of-life issues. , 2002 .
[4] Richard Sutton,et al. [Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy]. , 2008, Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology.
[5] P. Kowey,et al. Randomized, double-blind comparison of intravenous amiodarone and bretylium in the treatment of patients with recurrent, hemodynamically destabilizing ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. The Intravenous Amiodarone Multicenter Investigators Group. , 1995, Circulation.
[6] Paul A. Belk,et al. Bradycardia pacing-induced short-long-short sequences at the onset of ventricular tachyarrhythmias: a possible mechanism of proarrhythmia? , 2007, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
[7] Brian Baker,et al. Quality of life in the Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS). , 2002, American heart journal.
[8] A. Mahajan,et al. Use of thoracic epidural anesthesia for management of electrical storm: a case report. , 2005, Heart rhythm.
[9] Samuel Wann,et al. [Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. Executive summary]. , 2006, Revista espanola de cardiologia.
[10] Prashanthan Sanders,et al. Mapping and ablation of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. , 2004, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
[11] C. Morillo,et al. A prospective randomized comparison of autodecremental pacing to burst pacing in device therapy for chronic ventricular tachycardia secondary to coronary artery disease. , 1993, The American journal of cardiology.
[12] R. Lazzara,et al. Analysis of Troponin I Levels After Spontaneous Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Shocks , 2002, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.
[13] S. Sears,et al. Coping With My Partner’s ICD and Cardiac Disease , 2009, Circulation.
[14] A. Tsiatis,et al. Quality of life with defibrillator therapy or amiodarone in heart failure. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.
[15] L. A. Bonet,et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012 , 2010, European journal of heart failure.
[16] D. Mark,et al. Prognostic importance of defibrillator shocks in patients with heart failure. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.
[17] The CASCADE Study: randomized antiarrhythmic drug therapy in survivors of cardiac arrest in Seattle. CASCADE Investigators. , 1993, The American journal of cardiology.
[18] Marco Ranucci,et al. A Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials , 2008 .
[19] P. S. Chen,et al. Discrimination of ventricular tachycardia from sinus tachycardia and atrial fibrillation in a tiered-therapy cardioverter-defibrillator. , 1994, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
[20] S. Hohnloser,et al. Electrical storm in patients with transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: incidence, management and prognostic implications. , 1998, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
[21] J. Day,et al. Is Dual-Chamber Programming Inferior to Single-Chamber Programming in an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator?: Results of the INTRINSIC RV (Inhibition of Unnecessary RV Pacing With AVSH in ICDs) Study , 2006, Circulation.
[22] A. Bollmann,et al. Antiarrhythmic Drugs in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators , 2005, American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions.
[23] P. Kowey,et al. Randomized, double-blind comparison of intravenous amiodarone and bretylium in the treatment of patients with recurrent, hemodynamically destabilizing ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. The Intravenous Amiodarone Multicenter Investigators Group. , 1995, Circulation.
[24] David O. Martin,et al. Dual-chamber pacing or ventricular backup pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator: the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial. , 2002, JAMA.
[25] S. Bhavnani,et al. Association between statin use and mortality in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. , 2008, Heart rhythm.
[26] B. Milne,et al. Propofol for electrical storm; a case report of cardioversion and suppression of ventricular tachycardia by propofol , 2002, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.
[27] J. Bigger,et al. Prophylactic use of implanted cardiac defibrillators in patients at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias after coronary-artery bypass graft surgery. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Patch Trial Investigators. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.
[28] A. Bernstein,et al. Patients' Attitudes Toward Implanted Defibrillator Shocks , 2000, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.
[29] David T. Huang,et al. Recurrent ventricular arrhythmia storms in the age of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy: a comprehensive review. , 2008, Progress in cardiovascular diseases.
[30] L. Jordaens,et al. Type-D personality but not implantable cardioverter-defibrillator indication is associated with impaired health-related quality of life 3 months post-implantation. , 2007, Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology.
[31] Jeroen J. Bax,et al. Impact of percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting on outcome after nonfatal cardiac arrest outside the hospital. , 2003, The American journal of cardiology.
[32] W. Olson,et al. Effect of Programmed Number of Intervals to Detect Ventricular Fibrillation on Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator Aborted and Unnecessary Shocks , 2007, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.
[33] Silvia G. Priori,et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: full text , 2006 .
[34] B. Pitt,et al. Eplerenone, a Selective Aldosterone Blocker, in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction after Myocardial Infarction , 2003 .
[35] Harlan M Krumholz,et al. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemaker , 2008, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
[36] Catherine Klersy,et al. Four-year efficacy of cardiac resynchronization therapy on exercise tolerance and disease progression: the importance of performing atrioventricular junction ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
[37] R. Berger,et al. Effects of statin therapy on arrhythmic events and survival in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
[38] Maurizio Marzegalli,et al. Remote monitoring of patients with biventricular defibrillators through the CareLink system improves clinical management of arrhythmias and heart failure episodes , 2008, Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology.
[39] J. Ruskin,et al. Reduction in ventricular tachyarrhythmias with statins in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT)-II. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
[40] K. Nademanee,et al. Treating electrical storm : sympathetic blockade versus advanced cardiac life support-guided therapy. , 2000, Circulation.
[41] Claudia Stöllberger,et al. Guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities. , 2009, Heart rhythm.
[42] B. Pitt,et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.
[43] M. Josephson,et al. Frequency and causes of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapies: is device therapy proarrhythmic? , 2006, The American journal of cardiology.
[44] Susanne S Pedersen,et al. Concerns about the implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a determinant of anxiety and depressive symptoms independent of experienced shocks. , 2005, American heart journal.
[45] Gopi Dandamudi,et al. Endocardial catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with ventricular assist devices. , 2007, Heart rhythm.
[46] S. Hohnloser,et al. Morphology Discrimination: A Beat‐to‐Beat Algorithm for the Discrimination of Ventricular from Supraventricular Tachycardia by Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators , 2001, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.
[47] Max HarryWeil,et al. High-Energy Defibrillation Increases the Severity of Postresuscitation Myocardial Dysfunction , 1997 .
[48] J. Conti,et al. Do positive health expectations and optimism relate to quality-of-life outcomes for the patient with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator? , 2004, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.
[49] G. Breithardt,et al. Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death , 2006, Heart.
[50] J. A. Gomes,et al. Evaluation and management of patients after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shock. , 2006, JAMA.
[51] Haran Burri,et al. Remote monitoring and follow-up of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators , 2009, Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology.
[52] Wojciech Zareba,et al. Inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks in MADIT II: frequency, mechanisms, predictors, and survival impact. , 2008, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
[53] J P Ornato,et al. Cardiology patient page: warning signs of a heart attack. , 2001, Circulation.
[54] Dan M. Roden,et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines , 2006 .
[55] P. Dorian,et al. Is electrical storm in ICD patients the sign of a dying heart? Outcome of patients with clusters of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. , 2000, Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology.
[56] B. Pitt,et al. The Effect of Spironolactone on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Severe Heart Failure , 2000 .
[57] R. Strasser,et al. Ventricular oversensing in 518 patients with implanted cardiac defibrillators: incidence, complications, and solutions. , 2007, Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology.
[58] S. Pinski. Emergencies related to implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. , 2000, Critical care medicine.
[59] M. Sweeney,et al. Appropriate and Inappropriate Ventricular Therapies, Quality of Life, and Mortality Among Primary and Secondary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Patients: Results From the Pacing Fast VT REduces Shock ThErapies (PainFREE Rx II) Trial , 2005, Circulation.
[60] S. Priori,et al. HRS/EHRA expert consensus on the monitoring of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs): description of techniques, indications, personnel, frequency and ethical considerations. , 2008, Heart rhythm.
[61] S. Hohnloser,et al. Prevention of implantable-defibrillator shocks by treatment with sotalol. d,l-Sotalol Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Study Group. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.
[62] Bigger Jt,et al. Prophylactic use of implanted cardiac defibrillators in patients at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias after coronary-artery bypass graft surgery , 1997 .
[63] Stephen L Moore,et al. Strategic programming of detection and therapy parameters in implantable cardioverter-defibrillators reduces shocks in primary prevention patients: results from the PREPARE (Primary Prevention Parameters Evaluation) study. , 2008, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
[64] J. Le Heuzey,et al. Consensus statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association: updated recommendations for driving by patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. , 2009, Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology.
[65] F. Leyva,et al. Is Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy Proarrhythmic? , 2008, Indian pacing and electrophysiology journal.
[66] Philip G. Jones,et al. Mortality rates and clinical predictors of reduced survival after cardioverter defibrillator implantation. , 2008, The American journal of cardiology.
[67] Diwakar Jain,et al. Emotional and Physical Precipitants of Ventricular Arrhythmia , 2002, Circulation.
[68] Dan M Roden,et al. [Guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Executive summary]. , 2006, Revista espanola de cardiologia.
[69] I. Ockene,et al. Methodological limitations of psychosocial interventions in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) A systematic review , 2009, BMC cardiovascular disorders.
[70] L. Jordaens,et al. Clustering of Device‐Related Concerns and Type D Personality Predicts Increased Distress in ICD Patients Independent of Shocks 1 , 2007, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.
[71] M. Bahner,et al. Ventricular Oversensing: , 2003, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.
[72] Juerg Schwitter,et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012 , 2010, European journal of heart failure.
[73] David O. Martin,et al. Prevalence, Predictors, and Mortality Significance of the Causative Arrhythmia in Patients with Electrical Storm , 2004, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.
[74] Stephan Willems,et al. Catheter ablation of stable ventricular tachycardia before defibrillator implantation in patients with coronary heart disease (VTACH): a multicentre randomised controlled trial , 2010, The Lancet.
[75] S. Hohnloser,et al. Electrical storm in patients with an implantable defibrillator: incidence, features, and preventive therapy: insights from a randomized trial. , 2006, European heart journal.
[76] B. Seifert,et al. ICD implantation with and without combined myocardial revascularisation--incidence of ICD therapy and late survival. , 2002, The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon.
[77] L Seipel,et al. Effect of amiodarone and sotalol on the defibrillation threshold in comparison to patients without antiarrhythmic drug treatment. , 1999, International journal of cardiology.
[78] A. Hallstrom,et al. Psychosocial status predicts mortality in patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. , 2008, Heart rhythm.
[79] M. Wathen. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator shock reduction using new antitachycardia pacing therapies. , 2007, American heart journal.
[80] A. Natale,et al. Gender differences in clinical outcome and primary prevention defibrillator benefit in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2010, Heart rhythm.
[81] J. Ornato,et al. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities. , 2008, Heart rhythm.
[82] A. Moss,et al. Ventricular arrhythmia storms in postinfarction patients with implantable defibrillators for primary prevention indications: a MADIT-II substudy. , 2007, Heart rhythm.
[83] Michael O. Sweeney,et al. Prospective Randomized Multicenter Trial of Empirical Antitachycardia Pacing Versus Shocks for Spontaneous Rapid Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators: Pacing Fast Ventricular Tachycardia Reduces Shock Therapies (PainFREE Rx II) Trial Results , 2004, Circulation.
[84] J. Berger. The Ethics of Deactivating Implanted Cardioverter Defibrillators , 2005, Annals of Internal Medicine.
[85] J. Conti,et al. Understanding implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks and storms: Medical and psychosocial considerations for research and clinical care , 2003, Clinical cardiology.
[86] Claus Schmitt,et al. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and predicted mortality in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: results from the prospective living with an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator study. , 2008, Archives of general psychiatry.
[87] S. Sears,et al. The implantable cardioverter defibrillator: its history, current psychological impact and future , 2009, Expert review of medical devices.
[88] A. Moss,et al. Causes and Consequences of Heart Failure After Prophylactic Implantation of a Defibrillator in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II , 2006, Circulation.
[89] Richard Sutton,et al. Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. The Task Force for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association. , 2007, Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology.
[90] Martin S. Green,et al. Randomized Cross‐Over Evaluation of Two Adaptive Pacing Algorithms for the Termination of Ventricular Tachycardia , 1993, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.
[91] S. McKinley,et al. Australian implantable cardiac defibrillator recipients: quality-of-life issues. , 2002, International journal of nursing practice.
[92] Judy Powell,et al. Quality of Life in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators Trial: Impact of Therapy and Influence of Adverse Symptoms and Defibrillator Shocks , 2002, Circulation.
[93] I. Efimov,et al. Atria are more susceptible to electroporation than ventricles: implications for atrial stunning, shock-induced arrhythmia and defibrillation failure. , 2008, Heart rhythm.
[94] R. Passman,et al. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators and quality of life: results from the defibrillators in nonischemic cardiomyopathy treatment evaluation study. , 2007, Archives of internal medicine.
[95] Joseph S Alpert,et al. Recommendations from the Heart Rhythm Society Task Force on Device Performance Policies and Guidelines Endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) and the American Heart Association (AHA) and the International Coalition of Pacing and Electrophysiology Organizations (COPE). , 2006, Heart rhythm.
[96] Samuel Wann,et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation-executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committ , 2006, European heart journal.
[97] O. Costantini,et al. Withdrawing implantable defibrillator shock therapy in terminally ill patients. , 2006, The American journal of medicine.
[98] M. Pfeffer,et al. Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on sudden cardiac death in patients following acute myocardial infarction. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. , 1999, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
[99] J. Brugada,et al. Coronary artery revascularization in patients with sustained ventricular arrhythmias in the chronic phase of a myocardial infarction: effects on the electrophysiologic substrate and outcome. , 2001, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
[100] J. Langberg,et al. Association of mood disturbance and arrhythmia events in patients after cardioverter defibrillator implantation , 1999, Depression and anxiety.
[101] H. Krumholz,et al. Management of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in End-of-Life Care , 2004, Annals of Internal Medicine.
[102] Electrical Storm Presages Nonsudden Death The Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Trial , 2001 .
[103] G. O'hara,et al. Optimizing implantable cardioverter-defibrillator treatment of rapid ventricular tachycardia: antitachycardia pacing therapy during charging. , 2007, Heart rhythm.
[104] Zengri J. Wang,et al. A comparison of empiric to physician-tailored programming of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: results from the prospective randomized multicenter EMPIRIC trial. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
[105] D. J. Veldhuisen,et al. Can monitoring of intrathoracic impedance reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure? Rationale and design of the Diagnostic Outcome Trial in Heart Failure (DOT‐HF) ☆ , 2008, European journal of heart failure.
[106] M. Santini,et al. Home monitoring remote control of pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients in clinical practice: impact on medical management and health-care resource utilization. , 2008, Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology.
[107] M. Franz,et al. Management Strategies When Implanted Cardioverter Defibrillator Leads Fail: Survey Findings , 2009, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.
[108] J. Ornato,et al. ACC/AHA/ESC PRACTICE GUIDELINES ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death , 2006 .
[109] E. Fain,et al. Comparison of (cid:1) -Blockers, Amiodarone Plus (cid:1) -Blockers, or Sotalol for Prevention of Shocks From Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators The OPTIC Study: A Randomized Trial , 2005 .
[110] M. Brodsky,et al. Beta-blocker use and survival in patients with ventricular fibrillation or symptomatic ventricular tachycardia: the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) trial. , 1999, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
[111] J. Conti,et al. QUALITY OF LIFE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING OF ICD PATIENTS , 2002, Heart.
[112] M. Gollob,et al. Accelerating risk of Fidelis lead fracture. , 2008, Heart rhythm.
[113] P. Clements. Hazards of performing chest compressions in collapsed patients with internal cardioverter defibrillators , 2003, Emergency medicine journal : EMJ.
[114] C. Herrmann-Lingen,et al. Depressive coping is a predictor for emotional distress and poor quality of life in a German-Austrian sample of cardioverter-defibrillator implant recipients at 3 months and 1 year after implantation. , 2007, General hospital psychiatry.
[115] F. Veglia,et al. Catheter Ablation for the Treatment of Electrical Storm in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators: Short- and Long-Term Outcomes in a Prospective Single-Center Study , 2008, Circulation.
[116] J. Seger,et al. Current status of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. , 2001, Chest.
[117] C. Israel,et al. Electrical Storm in Patients with an Implanted Defibrillator: A Matter of Definition , 2007, Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc.
[118] B. Pitt,et al. Added benefit of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade in the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. , 2007, Circulation.
[119] F. Anselme,et al. Prevention of Inappropriate Shocks in ICD Recipients: A Review of 10,000 Tachycardia Episodes , 2007, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.
[120] D. Lacroix,et al. Clinical predictors and prognostic significance of electrical storm in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. , 2006, European heart journal.
[121] C. O'connor,et al. Amiodarone for the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. , 2009, European heart journal.
[122] J. Coromilas,et al. Effect of -Blocking Therapy on Outcome in the Multicenter UnSustained Tachycardia Trial (MUSTT) , 2002 .