Repercussions of Pandemic and Preventive Measures on General Well-Being, Psychological Health, Physical Fitness, and Health Behavior: Mediating Role of Coping Behavior

Background Pandemic prevention measures increased physical inactivity due to travel restrictions that led to negative physical fitness, health behavior, psychological health, and general well-being. The mediating role of coping behavior must be identified before developing interventional strategies for this pandemic. Objective The study investigates the mediating role of coping behavior to mitigate the Coronavirus disease impact on physical fitness, health behavior, psychological health, and general well-being. Methods A web-based survey was used under convenience sampling to collect the primary data. Smart-PLS 3.0 was used to analyze the collected data. Results All 14 direct correlations (H1-H14) were correct, and coping behavior’s mediating impact was shown to be statistically significant (H9a- H14d). Conclusion Our study findings indicate that mediating role of coping behavior in mitigating the pandemic impacts was statistically significant. It is concluded that coping behavior is a healthy adaptation to protecting the barrier against COVID-19 adverse effects on health.

[1]  Linda Krause,et al.  The pandemic coping scale – validity and reliability of a brief measure of coping during a pandemic , 2022, Health psychology and behavioral medicine.

[2]  A. Shpakou,et al.  Stress Perception and Coping Strategies of Students on Both Sides of the EU’s Eastern Border during the COVID-19 Pandemic , 2022, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[3]  Cheng-Che Chen,et al.  Comparing stress and behavioral coping strategies during the early stages of the COVID-19 crisis among domestic and overseas Taiwanese , 2022, Scientific Reports.

[4]  A. Sunarno,et al.  Is It Important to Increase Physical Activity Among University Students During the Second-Wave COVID-19 Pandemic in Asian Countries? A Cross-Sectional Study of the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Asian Countries , 2022, Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare.

[5]  Chanam Lee,et al.  Impact of COVID-19 on physical activity: A rapid review , 2022, Journal of global health.

[6]  C. Schönfeldt-Lecuona,et al.  Psychological Distress, Fear and Coping Strategies During the Second and Third Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southern Germany , 2022, Frontiers in Psychiatry.

[7]  Sharon Kingston,et al.  Stress, social support, and substance use in the COVID-19 pandemic. , 2022, Translational Issues in Psychological Science.

[8]  Jennifer E. C. Lee,et al.  Well-being of Canadian Armed Forces members during the COVID-19 pandemic: the influence of positive health behaviours. , 2022, Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice.

[9]  R. Laar,et al.  Demographic Characteristics and Digital Platforms for Physical Activity Among the Chinese Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mediating Analysis , 2022, Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare.

[10]  Gerson Ferrari,et al.  The association between physical activity and mental health during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review , 2022, BMC Public Health.

[11]  Wojciech Starościak,et al.  Perceived physical activity during stay-at-home COVID-19 pandemic lockdown March–April 2020 in Polish adults , 2022, PeerJ.

[12]  M. Izaute,et al.  Lockdown Impact on Stress, Coping Strategies, and Substance Use in Teenagers , 2022, Frontiers in Psychiatry.

[13]  Jianhui Dai,et al.  Virtual Reality Fitness (VRF) for Behavior Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mediation Analysis Approach , 2022, Psychology research and behavior management.

[14]  B. Melnyk,et al.  Beliefs, mental health, healthy lifestyle behaviors and coping strategies of college faculty and staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. , 2021, Journal of American college health : J of ACH.

[15]  S. Sharp,et al.  Population level physical activity before and during the first national COVID-19 lockdown: A nationally representative repeat cross-sectional study of 5 years of Active Lives data in England , 2021, The Lancet Regional Health - Europe.

[16]  Eryka Probierz,et al.  The predictors of adaptive and maladaptive coping behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The Protection Motivation Theory and the Big Five personality traits , 2021, PloS one.

[17]  S. Burke,et al.  Ontario adults’ health behaviors, mental health, and overall well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic , 2021, BMC Public Health.

[18]  M. Biddle,et al.  Changes in physical activity during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic , 2021, Journal of sports sciences.

[19]  D. K. Singh,et al.  Mediation effect of coping strategies on general psychological health among middle-aged and older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic , 2021, Aging & mental health.

[20]  J. Caballero,et al.  Coping, resilience, and emotional well-being in pharmacy students during the COVID-19 pandemic , 2021, The mental health clinician.

[21]  N. Zakari,et al.  Stress and Coping Strategies among Nursing Students in Clinical Practice during COVID-19 , 2021, Nursing reports.

[22]  S. Jack,et al.  Coping strategies mediate the associations between COVID-19 experiences and mental health outcomes in pregnancy , 2021, Archives of Women's Mental Health.

[23]  Q. Huynh,et al.  Perceived Stress and Coping Strategies During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Public Health and Preventive Medicine Students in Vietnam , 2021, Psychology research and behavior management.

[24]  A. Steptoe,et al.  Longitudinal changes in physical activity during and after the first national lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England , 2021, Scientific Reports.

[25]  E. Molinari,et al.  Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological well-being of students in an Italian university: a web-based cross-sectional survey , 2021, Globalization and Health.

[26]  R. Ritti-Dias,et al.  Barriers to physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic in adults: a cross-sectional study , 2021, Sport Sciences for Health.

[27]  I. Choi,et al.  The Role of Coping Strategies in Maintaining Well-Being During the COVID-19 Outbreak in South Korea , 2021, Social Psychological and Personality Science.

[28]  Sarah E Williams,et al.  Physical Activity Protects Against the Negative Impact of Coronavirus Fear on Adolescent Mental Health and Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic , 2021, Frontiers in Psychology.

[29]  P. Slater,et al.  The Effect of Occupational Stress and Coping Strategies on Mental Health and Emotional Well-Being Among University Academic Staff During the COVID-19 Outbreak , 2021 .

[30]  Yuan-Li Chen,et al.  Predictive factors of anxiety and depression among nurses fighting coronavirus disease 2019 in China , 2021, International journal of mental health nursing.

[31]  Zulkaif Ahmed Saqib,et al.  The Psychological Impacts of COVID-19 Home Confinement and Physical Activity: A Structural Equation Model Analysis , 2021, Frontiers in Psychology.

[32]  Michael W. Best,et al.  Coping during the COVID-19 pandemic: Relations with mental health and quality of life. , 2021 .

[33]  S. Hyun,et al.  Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on employees’ work stress, well-being, mental health, organizational citizenship behavior, and employee-customer identification , 2021 .

[34]  Matthew D. Lee,et al.  COVID-19 as ‘Game Changer’ for the Physical Activity and Mental Well-Being of Augmented Reality Game Players During the Pandemic: Mixed Methods Survey Study , 2020, Journal of Medical Internet Research.

[35]  C. González-González,et al.  Psychological Health and Physical Activity Levels during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review , 2020, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[36]  M. Ruggeri,et al.  Adolescent Lifestyle Behaviors, Coping Strategies and Subjective Wellbeing during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Online Student Survey , 2020, Healthcare.

[37]  Harleen Kaur,et al.  Physical Fitness and Exercise During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Enquiry , 2020, Frontiers in Psychology.

[38]  Rachel S. T. Low,et al.  Emotion regulation and psychological and physical health during a nationwide COVID-19 lockdown. , 2020, Emotion.

[39]  M. Sander,et al.  Preventing mental health, well-being and physical activity during the corona pandemic – recommendations from psychology and sports medicine , 2020, Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin/German Journal of Sports Medicine.

[40]  L. Lorente,et al.  Nurses´ stressors and psychological distress during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The mediating role of coping and resilience , 2020, Journal of advanced nursing.

[41]  J. Steinacker,et al.  COVID-19 Home Confinement Negatively Impacts Social Participation and Life Satisfaction: A Worldwide Multicenter Study , 2020, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[42]  C. Nejjari,et al.  Health-related quality of life and behavior-related lifestyle changes due to the COVID-19 home confinement: Dataset from a Moroccan sample , 2020, Data in Brief.

[43]  R. Shephard,et al.  Staying Physically Active During the Quarantine and Self-Isolation Period for Controlling and Mitigating the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Overview of the Literature , 2020, Frontiers in Psychology.

[44]  A. Girma,et al.  Covid-19 related stress and coping strategies among adults with chronic disease in Southwest Ethiopia. , 2020, medRxiv.

[45]  R. McIntyre,et al.  Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review , 2020, Journal of Affective Disorders.

[46]  L. Dardas,et al.  Acute stress disorder, coping self‐efficacy and subsequent psychological distress among nurses amid COVID‐19 , 2020, Journal of nursing management.

[47]  A. Rossi,et al.  COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health Among the General Population in Italy , 2020, Frontiers in Psychiatry.

[48]  Xiaoming Li,et al.  Resilience, Social Support, and Coping as Mediators between COVID‐19‐related Stressful Experiences and Acute Stress Disorder among College Students in China , 2020, Applied psychology. Health and well-being.

[49]  N. Salari,et al.  Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2020, Globalization and Health.

[50]  F. Bert,et al.  Effects of Covid-19 Lockdown on Mental Health and Sleep Disturbances in Italy , 2020, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[51]  Gökmen Arslan,et al.  Perceived Risk and Mental Health Problems among Healthcare Professionals during COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring the Mediating Effects of Resilience and Coronavirus Fear , 2020, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.

[52]  P. Morouco,et al.  Exploring Lifestyle Habits, Physical Activity, Anxiety and Basic Psychological Needs in a Sample of Portuguese Adults during COVID-19 , 2020, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[53]  A. Palma,et al.  The impact of physical activity on psychological health during Covid-19 pandemic in Italy , 2020, Heliyon.

[54]  I. Lesser,et al.  The Impact of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behavior and Well-Being of Canadians , 2020, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[55]  G. Jurak,et al.  Physical activity recommendations during the coronavirus disease-2019 virus outbreak , 2020, Journal of Sport and Health Science.

[56]  Andrew K. Przybylski,et al.  Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science , 2020, The Lancet Psychiatry.

[57]  David G. Behm,et al.  #TrainingInHome - Home-based training during COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) pandemic: physical exercise and behavior-based approach , 2020 .

[58]  Philip Gorwood,et al.  The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice , 2020, European Psychiatry.

[59]  David G. Rand,et al.  Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response , 2020, Nature Human Behaviour.

[60]  C. Lavie,et al.  Physical exercise as therapy to fight against the mental and physical consequences of COVID-19 quarantine: Special focus in older people , 2020, Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases.

[61]  Fuzhong Li,et al.  Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions , 2020, Journal of Sport and Health Science.

[62]  A. Shamir,et al.  Health benefits of a physical exercise program for inpatients with mental health; a pilot study. , 2019, Journal of psychiatric research.

[63]  Harrie C. M. Vorst,et al.  Methods for questionnaire design: a taxonomy linking procedures to test goals , 2019, Quality of Life Research.

[64]  Marko Bachl Conditional Process Modeling (Mediation Analysis, Moderated Mediation Analysis, Moderation Analysis, and Mediated Moderation Analysis) , 2017 .

[65]  A. Terkawi,et al.  Guidelines for developing, translating, and validating a questionnaire in perioperative and pain medicine , 2017, Saudi journal of anaesthesia.

[66]  D. Lubans,et al.  Domain-Specific Physical Activity and Mental Health: A Meta-analysis. , 2017, American journal of preventive medicine.

[67]  Marko Sarstedt,et al.  Mirror, mirror on the wall: a comparative evaluation of composite-based structural equation modeling methods , 2017, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science.

[68]  A. Koyanagi,et al.  Physical activity and anxiety: A perspective from the World Health Survey. , 2017, Journal of affective disorders.

[69]  John P. Capitanio,et al.  Perceived social isolation, evolutionary fitness and health outcomes: a lifespan approach , 2015, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[70]  P. Reaburn,et al.  The mental health benefits of regular physical activity, and its role in preventing future depressive illness , 2014 .

[71]  Rochelle M Eime,et al.  A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for adults: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport , 2013, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity.

[72]  R. Ryan,et al.  Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review , 2012, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity.

[73]  A. Conzelmann,et al.  Subjective well-being and exercise in the second half of life: a critical review of theoretical approaches , 2012, European Review of Aging and Physical Activity.

[74]  C. Aldwin Stress and Coping across the Lifespan , 2010 .

[75]  Jörg Henseler,et al.  Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications , 2010 .

[76]  C. Carver,et al.  Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. , 2009, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[77]  D. Mackinnon Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis , 2008 .

[78]  E. Skinner,et al.  Searching for the structure of coping: a review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping. , 2003, Psychological bulletin.

[79]  Youjae Yi,et al.  Assumptions of the Two-Step Approach to Latent Variable Modeling , 1992 .

[80]  J. Rodin,et al.  Physical fitness and enhanced psychological health , 1990 .

[81]  Richard S. Lazarus,et al.  Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping , 1987 .

[82]  G. Turpin Perspectives in cardiovascular psychophysiology: J.T. Cacioppo and R.E. Petty (Eds.), (Guildford Press, New York, 1982) pp. xv + 392 , 1985, Biological Psychology.

[83]  R. W. Rogers,et al.  A Protection Motivation Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change1. , 1975, The Journal of psychology.

[84]  B L Drinkwater,et al.  A comparison of the direction-of-perception technique with the Likert method in the measurement of attitudes. , 1965, The Journal of social psychology.

[85]  M. Lindwall,et al.  Physical Activity and Self-Esteem , 2014 .

[86]  Leonard J. Simms,et al.  Classical and Modern Methods of Psychological Scale Construction , 2008 .

[87]  P. Sheeran,et al.  Prediction and Intervention in Health-Related Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of Protection Motivation Theory , 2000 .

[88]  C. Aldwin,et al.  Theories of Coping with Chronic Stress , 1997 .

[89]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Perspectives in cardiovascular psychophysiology , 1982 .