The toxicology of mercury and its compounds.

A concentrated review on the toxicology of inorganic mercury together with an extensive review on the neurotoxicology of methylmercury is presented. The challenges of using inorganic mercury in dental amalgam are reviewed both regarding the occupational exposure and the possible health problems for the dental patients. The two remaining "mysteries" of methylmercury neurotoxicology are also being reviewed; the cellular selectivity and the delayed onset of symptoms. The relevant literature on these aspects has been discussed and some suggestions towards explaining these observations have been presented.

[1]  T. Syversen,et al.  Relationship between catalase activity and uptake of elemental mercury by rat brain. , 2009, Acta pharmacologica et toxicologica.

[2]  T. Rahola,et al.  The distribution and biological half-time of 203Hg in the human body according to a modified whole-body counting technique. , 1975, Environmental physiology & biochemistry.

[3]  M. Verity,et al.  Oxidative mechanisms underlying methyl mercury neurotoxicity , 1991, International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience.

[4]  L. Barregard,et al.  Exposure to Mercury Vapor and Impact on Health in the Dental Profession in Sweden , 1997, Journal of dental research.

[5]  M. McDowell,et al.  Urinary mercury concentrations associated with dental restorations in adult women aged 16–49 years: United States, 1999–2000 , 2005, Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

[6]  Y. K. Fung,et al.  Brain mercury in neurodegenerative disorders. , 1997, Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology.

[7]  G. Demakis,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of the Neuropsychological Effects of Occupational Exposure to Mercury , 2006, The Clinical neuropsychologist.

[8]  W. D. Ehmann,et al.  Alzheimer's disease, dental amalgam and mercury. , 1999, Journal of the American Dental Association.

[9]  Feiyue Wang,et al.  Chemical demethylation of methylmercury by selenoamino acids. , 2010, Chemical research in toxicology.

[10]  T. Syversen,et al.  Neuropsychological function and past exposure to metallic mercury in female dental workers , 2012, Scandinavian journal of psychology.

[11]  C. Anderson,et al.  Cellular distribution of the neutral amino acid transporter subtype ASCT2 in mouse brain , 2009, Journal of neurochemistry.

[12]  T W Clarkson,et al.  Role of catalase in the oxidation of mercury vapor. , 1978, Biochemical pharmacology.

[13]  D. Souza,et al.  Prenatal methylmercury exposure hampers glutathione antioxidant system ontogenesis and causes long-lasting oxidative stress in the mouse brain. , 2008, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[14]  K. Skullerud,et al.  The cerebral lesions in a patient with generalized glutathione deficiency and pyroglutamic aciduria (5-oxoprolinuria) , 2004, Acta Neuropathologica.

[15]  T. Clarkson,et al.  Tests of efficacy of antidotes for removal of methylmercury in human poisoning during the Iraq outbreak. , 1981, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[16]  M. Aschner,et al.  Docosahexaenoic acid may act as a neuroprotector for methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity in primary neural cell cultures. , 2008, Neurotoxicology.

[17]  T. Burbacher,et al.  Speciation of mercury in the primate blood and brain following long-term exposure to methyl mercury. , 1994, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[18]  M. Aschner,et al.  The in vitro effects of Trolox on methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity. , 2010, Toxicology.

[19]  Joshua T. Cohen,et al.  A quantitative analysis of prenatal methyl mercury exposure and cognitive development. , 2005, American journal of preventive medicine.

[20]  S. Barone,et al.  Methylmercury decreases NGF-induced TrkA autophosphorylation and neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. , 2003, Brain research. Developmental brain research.

[21]  M. Aschner,et al.  Glutathione modulation influences methyl mercury induced neurotoxicity in primary cell cultures of neurons and astrocytes. , 2006, Neurotoxicology.

[22]  D. Russell,et al.  FOCAL CEREBRAL AND CEREBELLAR ATROPHY IN A HUMAN SUBJECT DUE TO ORGANIC MERCURY COMPOUNDS , 1954 .

[23]  M. Aschner,et al.  The in vitro effects of selenomethionine on methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity. , 2009, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[24]  Jean Golding,et al.  Fish intake during pregnancy and early cognitive development of offspring , 2005 .

[25]  Yukunori Korogi,et al.  Methylmercury Poisoning in Common Marmosets—MRI Findings and Peripheral Nerve Lesions , 2002, Toxicologic pathology.

[26]  T. Burbacher,et al.  Changes in the number of astrocytes and microglia in the thalamus of the monkey Macaca fascicularis following long-term subclinical methylmercury exposure. , 1996, Neurotoxicology.

[27]  Thomas Clarkson,et al.  Comparison of Blood and Brain Mercury Levels in Infant Monkeys Exposed to Methylmercury or Vaccines Containing Thimerosal , 2005, Environmental health perspectives.

[28]  J. Centelles,et al.  Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. Pathways for metabolism, storage and reuptake of glutamate in brain. , 1998, Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library.

[29]  D. Rice,et al.  Overview of modifiers of methylmercury neurotoxicity: chemicals, nutrients, and the social environment. , 2008, Neurotoxicology.

[30]  P. Kaur,et al.  Uptake and efflux of methylmercury in vitro: comparison of transport mechanisms in C6, B35 and RBE4 cells. , 2009, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[31]  M. Aschner,et al.  Uptake of methylmercury in the rat brain: effects of amino acids , 1988, Brain Research.

[32]  J. Graziano,et al.  Environmental Medicine | Article Materials and Methods Mercury Derived from Dental Amalgams and Neuropsychologic Function , 2022 .

[33]  S. Ceccatelli,et al.  Neurotoxicity and molecular effects of methylmercury , 2001, Brain Research Bulletin.

[34]  H. Ganther,et al.  Selenium: Relation to Decreased Toxicity of Methylmercury Added to Diets Containing Tuna , 1972, Science.

[35]  Y. Yoshino,et al.  BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BRAIN IN RATS POISONED WITH AN ALKYLMERCURY COMPOUND, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN BRAIN CORTEX SLICES , 1966, Journal of neurochemistry.

[36]  T. Syversen,et al.  Uptake of elemental mercury by brain in relation to concentration of glutathione and activity of glutathione peroxidase. , 1983, Toxicology letters.

[37]  P. B. Ballard.  Physical and Mental Development of Children. , 1931, Nature.

[38]  R. Hammersley,et al.  Health and neuropsychological functioning of dentists exposed to mercury , 2002, Occupational and environmental medicine.

[39]  D. W. Gruenwedel,et al.  Changes in the sedimentation characteristics of DNA due to methylmercuration. , 1970, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[40]  Y. Korogi,et al.  Methylmercury Poisoning in Common Marmosets—A Study of Selective Vulnerability Within the Cerebral Cortex , 2001, Toxicologic pathology.

[41]  M. Aschner,et al.  The consequences of methylmercury exposure on interactive functions between astrocytes and neurons. , 2002, Neurotoxicology.

[42]  P. P. Sood,et al.  Ameliorative capacities of vitamins and monothiols post therapy in the restoration of methylmercury altered glutathione metabolism. , 1994, Cellular and molecular biology.

[43]  Raymond F Burk.  Selenium, an antioxidant nutrient. , 2002, Nutrition in clinical care : an official publication of Tufts University.

[44]  W. Hughes.  A PHYSICOCHEMICAL RATIONALE FOR THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF MERCURY AND ITS COMPOUNDS , 1957, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[45]  Lasek Rj,et al.  The dynamic ordering of neuronal cytoskeletons. , 1981 .

[46]  A. Rothstein.  Cell membrane as site of action of heavy metals. , 1959, Federation proceedings.

[47]  F. Barbosa,et al.  Mercury exposure and oxidative stress in communities of the Brazilian Amazon. , 2010, The Science of the total environment.

[48]  J. Jacobs,et al.  Ultrastructural changes in the nervous system of rabbits poisoned with methyl mercury. , 1977, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[49]  M. C. Newland,et al.  Methylmercury and nutrition: adult effects of fetal exposure in experimental models. , 2008, Neurotoxicology.

[50]  M. Aschner,et al.  Effect of methylmercury on glutamate metabolism in cerebellar astrocytes in culture , 2003, Neurochemistry International.

[51]  D. Hunter,et al.  POISONING BY METHYL MERCURY COMPOUNDS , 1940 .

[52]  M. Aschner,et al.  Oxidative stress in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. , 2011, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[53]  N. Imura,et al.  Effects of methylmercury and inorganic mercury on the growth of nerve fibers in cultured chick dorsal root ganglia. , 2000, The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine.

[54]  T W Clarkson,et al.  Enzymatic oxidation of mercury vapor by erythrocytes. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[55]  M. Aschner,et al.  Methylmercury has a selective effect on mitochondria in cultured astrocytes in the presence of [U-13C]glutamate , 2001, Brain Research.

[56]  F. Solomon,et al.  Specification of cell morphology by endogenous determinants , 1981, The Journal of cell biology.

[57]  M. Glickstein,et al.  The anatomy of the cerebellum , 1998, Trends in Neurosciences.

[58]  Richard L. M. Faull,et al.  NMDA and kainic acid receptors have a complementary distribution to AMPA receptors in the human cerebellum , 1990, Brain Research.

[59]  K. Warfvinge.  Mercury distribution in the neonatal and adult cerebellum after mercury vapor exposure of pregnant squirrel monkeys. , 2000, Environmental research.

[60]  P. S. Tjioe,et al.  Mercury-Selenium Correlations in Marine Mammals , 1973, Nature.

[61]  L. Lapham,et al.  Effects of methylmercury on DNA synthesis of human fetal astrocytes: A radioautographic study , 1980, Brain Research.

[62]  B. Braeckman,et al.  Uptake of HgCl2 and MeHgCl in an insect cell line (Aedes albopictus C6/36). , 1998, Environmental research.

[63]  W. Stigelman,et al.  Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , 1986 .

[64]  T W Clarkson,et al.  Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. , 1973, Science.

[65]  Tadashi Ninomiya,et al.  Minamata disease revisited: An update on the acute and chronic manifestations of methyl mercury poisoning , 2007, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[66]  M. Aschner,et al.  Methylmercury: Recent Advances in the Understanding of Its Neurotoxicity , 2005, Therapeutic drug monitoring.

[67]  T. Syversen.  Changes in protein and RNA synthesis in rat brain neurons after a single dose of methylmercury. , 1982, Toxicology letters.

[68]  Parameters of dendritic transport. , 1975, Advances in neurology.

[69]  D. Bredesen,et al.  Cellular resistance to methylmercury. , 1996, Neurotoxicology.

[70]  W. Hopfenmüller,et al.  Amalgam fillings and cognitive abilities in a representative sample of the elderly population. , 2000, Gerodontology.

[71]  J. Cavanagh,et al.  Some effects of methyl mercury salts on the rabbit nervous system , 1975, Acta Neuropathologica.

[72]  C. L. La Porta,et al.  Molecular mechanisms triggered by mercury. , 2008, Toxicology.

[73]  M. Aschner,et al.  The methylmercury‐l‐cysteine conjugate is a substrate for the L‐type large neutral amino acid transporter , 2008, Journal of neurochemistry.

[74]  P. Davidson,et al.  Prenatal exposure to dental amalgam: evidence from the Seychelles Child Development Study main cohort. , 2011, Journal of the American Dental Association.

[75]  D. Dyrssen,et al.  The sulphur-mercury(II) system in natural waters , 1991 .

[76]  H. Kay.  Environmental Health Criteria , 1980 .

[77]  J. Cavanagh,et al.  Amino acid incorporation in protein during the “silent phase” before organo-mercury andp-bromophenylacetylurea neuropathy in the rat , 2004, Acta Neuropathologica.

[78]  M. Aschner,et al.  Role of glutathione in determining the differential sensitivity between the cortical and cerebellar regions towards mercury-induced oxidative stress. , 2007, Toxicology.

[79]  M. Aschner,et al.  Mechanisms of methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity: evidence from experimental studies. , 2011, Life sciences.

[80]  S. Ceccatelli,et al.  Methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity and apoptosis. , 2010, Chemico-biological interactions.

[81]  R. Harvey,et al.  Quantitatives studies on the mammalian cerebellum , 1991, Progress in Neurobiology.

[82]  L. Magos,et al.  The comparative toxicology of ethyl- and methylmercury , 1985, Archives of Toxicology.

[83]  Joshua T. Cohen,et al.  A quantitative analysis of prenatal intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognitive development. , 2005, American journal of preventive medicine.

[84]  F. Urbach.  Environmental health criteria: Vol. 14, Ultraviolet Radiation. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1979, 110 pp. Sw Fr 10 , 1980 .

[85]  G. Danscher,et al.  Localization of mercury in CNS of the rat. I. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) per os. , 1986, Environmental research.

[86]  N. Ralston,et al.  Dietary and tissue selenium in relation to methylmercury toxicity. , 2008, Neurotoxicology.

[87]  P. Kaur,et al.  Trace Element Profiles in Single Strands of Human Hair Determined by HR-ICP-MS , 2008, Biological Trace Element Research.

[88]  T. Clarkson,et al.  The Toxicology of Mercury and Its Chemical Compounds , 2006, Critical reviews in toxicology.

[89]  J. O. Snihs,et al.  Metabolism of methyl mercury (203Hg) compounds in man. , 1969, Archives of environmental health.

[90]  T. Syversen,et al.  Occurrence of cognitive symptoms in dental assistants with previous occupational exposure to metallic mercury. , 2009, Neurotoxicology.

[91]  T. Syversen.  Effects of methyl mercury on protein synthesis in vitro. , 2009, Acta pharmacologica et toxicologica.

[92]  P. Davidson,et al.  Twenty-seven years studying the human neurotoxicity of methylmercury exposure. , 2000, Environmental research.

[93]  S. Norgren,et al.  Physiological and pathological aspects of GSH metabolism , 2005, Acta paediatrica.

[94]  J. Olmsted,et al.  Interaction of methylmercury with microtubules in cultured cells and in vitro. , 1983, Experimental cell research.

[95]  D. Bredesen,et al.  bcl-2 expression decreases methyl mercury-induced free-radical generation and cell killing in a neural cell line. , 1994, Toxicology letters.

[96]  B. Jasani,et al.  The localization of mercury and metallothionein in the cerebellum of rats experimentally exposed to methylmercury , 1994, The Histochemical Journal.

[97]  C. Barnstable,et al.  Monoclonal antibodies that recognize discrete forms of tubulin. , 1982, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[98]  M. Aschner,et al.  Methylmercury uptake in rat primary astrocyte cultures: the role of the neutral amino acid transport system , 1990, Brain Research.

[99]  M. Billingsley,et al.  Mechanisms of Injury in the Central Nervous System , 2000, Toxicologic pathology.

[100]  T. Clarkson,et al.  Delayed cerebellar disease and death after accidental exposure to dimethylmercury. , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[101]  F. Solomon,et al.  Cytochalasin separates microtubule disassembly from loss of asymmetric morphology , 1981, The Journal of cell biology.

[102]  K. Reuhl,et al.  Ultrastructural study of the latent effects of methyl mercury on the nervous system after prenatal exposure. , 1977, Environmental research.

[103]  J. Hursh,et al.  Clearance of mercury (HG-197, HG-203) vapor inhaled by human subjects. , 1976, Archives of environmental health.

[104]  K. Pollard,et al.  Effects of mercury on the immune system. , 1997, Metal ions in biological systems.

[105]  T. Rahola,et al.  Elimination of free and protein-bound ionic mercury (20Hg2+) in man. , 1973, Annals of clinical research.

[106]  F. Fonnum,et al.  Cerebellum as a target for toxic substances. , 2000, Toxicology letters.

[107]  T. Syversen.  Biotransformation of Hg-203 labelled methyl mercuric chloride in rat brain measured by specific determination of Hg2+. , 2009, Acta pharmacologica et toxicologica.

[108]  C. Sanfeliu,et al.  Neurotoxicity of organomercurial compounds , 2009, Neurotoxicity Research.

[109]  G. Lucier,et al.  DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in brain, liver, and kidneys of asymptomatic methylmercury treated rats. , 1973, Experimental and molecular pathology.

[110]  M. Aschner,et al.  Identification and characterization of uptake systems for cystine and cysteine in cultured astrocytes and neurons: Evidence for methylmercury‐targeted disruption of astrocyte transport , 2001, Journal of neuroscience research.

[111]  Louis W. Chang,et al.  Ultrastructural studies of the nervous system after mercury intoxication , 2004, Acta Neuropathologica.

[112]  T. Syversen.  Distribution of mercury in enzymatically characterized subcellular fractions from the developing rat brain after injections of methylmercuric chloride and diethylmercury. , 1974, Biochemical pharmacology.

[113]  S. Barone,et al.  Effects of methylmercury and mercuric chloride on differentiation and cell viability in PC12 cells. , 2001, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[114]  J. Penney,et al.  Cellular Distribution of NMDA Glutamate Receptor Subunit mRNAs in the Human Cerebellum , 1997, Neurobiology of Disease.

[115]  K. Reuhl,et al.  Cellular and regional distribution of reduced glutathione in the nervous system of the rat: histochemical localization by mercury orange and o-phthaldialdehyde-induced histofluorescence. , 1991, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[116]  T. Syversen.  Effects of repeated dosing of methyl mercury on in vivo protein synthesis in isolated neurones. , 2009, Acta pharmacologica et toxicologica.

[117]  Diana Echeverria.  Mercury and dentists , 2002, Occupational and environmental medicine.

[118]  K. Eto,et al.  HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF MERCURY IN HUMAN TISSUE CELLS OF MINAMATA DISEASE BY USE OF AUTORADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURE , 1975 .

[119]  L. Pochini,et al.  The glutamine/amino acid transporter (ASCT2) reconstituted in liposomes: transport mechanism, regulation by ATP and characterization of the glutamine/glutamate antiport. , 2007, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[120]  F. Sultan,et al.  Population based quantification of dendrites: evidence for the lack of microtubule-associate protein 2a,b in Purkinje cell spiny dendrites , 2010, Neuroscience.

[121]  C. Indiveri,et al.  Inactivation by Hg2+ and methylmercury of the glutamine/amino acid transporter (ASCT2) reconstituted in liposomes: Prediction of the involvement of a CXXC motif by homology modelling. , 2010, Biochemical pharmacology.

[122]  R. Harvey,et al.  Quantitative study of granule and Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex of the rat , 1988, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[123]  L. Friberg,et al.  Resorption of mercuric chloride and methyl mercury dicyandiamide in guinea-pigs through normal skin and through skin pretreated with acetone, alkylaryl-sulphonate and soap. , 1961, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[124]  W F Fitzgerald,et al.  Mercury and monomethylmercury: present and future concerns. , 1991, Environmental health perspectives.

[125]  E Tiffany-Castiglion,et al.  Astroglia as metal depots: molecular mechanisms for metal accumulation, storage and release. , 2001, Neurotoxicology.

[126]  W. H. Butler,et al.  Cumulative effects of methylmercury dicyandiamide given orally to rats. , 1972, Food and cosmetics toxicology.

[127]  S. Gangolli,et al.  CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF HISTOCHEMICALLY LOCALIZED MERCURY IN THE CNS AND IN TISSUE LEVELS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MERCURY DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTOXICATION IN METHYLMERCURY TREATED RATS , 1985, Neuropathology and applied neurobiology.

[128]  M. Leider.  Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , 1985 .

[129]  E. Pihl.  Ultrastructural localization of heavy metals by a modified sulfide-silver method , 2004, Histochemie.

[130]  Roberta F. White,et al.  Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury. , 1997, Neurotoxicology and teratology.

[131]  B. Weiss,et al.  Alkylmercurial encephalopathy in the monkey (Saimiri sciureus andMacaca arctoides) , 1975, Acta Neuropathologica.

[132]  M. Aschner,et al.  Toxicology of alkylmercury compounds. , 2010, Metal ions in life sciences.

[133]  I. Gozes,et al.  Multiple tubulin forms are expressed by a single neurone , 1981, Nature.

[134]  T. Syversen,et al.  Differential responses to methylmercury exposure and recovery in neuroblastoma and glioma cells and fibroblasts , 1984, Experimental Neurology.

[135]  D. Hillman,et al.  Vulnerability of cerebellar development in malnutrition—I. Quantitation of layer volume and neuron numbers , 1981, Neuroscience.

[136]  H. Passow,et al.  The general pharmacology of the heavy metals. , 1961, Pharmacological reviews.

[137]  T. Syversen,et al.  EFFECTS OF METHYLMERCURY ON IN VIVO PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED CEREBRAL AND CEREBELLAR NEURONS , 1977 .

[138]  L. Barregard,et al.  Long-term Use of Nicotine Chewing Gum and Mercury Exposure from Dental Amalgam Fillings , 1996, Journal of dental research.

[139]  N. Ralston,et al.  Importance of Molar Ratios in Selenium-Dependent Protection Against Methylmercury Toxicity , 2007, Biological Trace Element Research.

[140]  L. Magos,et al.  Complex formation between selenium and methylmercury. , 1979, Chemico-biological interactions.

[141]  H. Walach,et al.  Alzheimer disease: mercury as pathogenetic factor and apolipoprotein E as a moderator. , 2004, Neuro endocrinology letters.

[142]  B. H. Choi,et al.  The effects of glutathione glycoside in methyl mercury poisoning. , 1996, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[143]  I. Grundt,et al.  Changes in fatty acid composition of myelin cerebrosides after treatment of the developing rat with methylmercury chloride and diethylmercury. , 1980, Journal of lipid research.

[144]  B. Michalke,et al.  Selenium speciation in human milk with special respect to quality control , 2007, Biological Trace Element Research.

[145]  J. Stillman,et al.  A 30-year follow-up of residual effects on New Zealand School Dental Nurses, from occupational mercury exposure , 2007, Human & experimental toxicology.

[146]  R. Lasek.  The dynamic ordering of neuronal cytoskeletons. , 1981, Neurosciences Research Program bulletin.

[147]  K. Reuhl,et al.  Effects of methyl mercury on the microtubule system of mouse lymphocytes. , 1988, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[148]  T. Burbacher,et al.  Increases in the number of reactive glia in the visual cortex of Macaca fascicularis following subclinical long-term methyl mercury exposure. , 1994, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[149]  D. Rabenstein,et al.  Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the solution chemistry of metal complexes. XI. The binding of methylmercury by sulfhydryl-containing amino acids and by glutathione. , 1975, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[150]  K Eto,et al.  Reappraisal of the historic 1959 cat experiment in Minamata by the Chisso Factory. , 2001, The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine.

[151]  J. Uthe,et al.  Subacute toxicity of methylmercury in the adult cat. , 1974, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[152]  Joshua T. Cohen,et al.  A quantitative risk-benefit analysis of changes in population fish consumption. , 2005, American journal of preventive medicine.

[153]  A. Herculano,et al.  Methylmercury neurotoxicity & antioxidant defenses. , 2008, The Indian journal of medical research.

[154]  T W Clarkson,et al.  Atomic absorption determination of total, inorganic, and organic mercury in blood. , 1972, Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists.

[155]  Christopher Cox,et al.  Prenatal methylmercury exposure from ocean fish consumption in the Seychelles child development study , 2003, The Lancet.

[156]  T. Syversen,et al.  Early morphological changes in rat cerebellum caused by a single dose of methylmercury , 1981, Archives of Toxicology.

[157]  F. Fonnum,et al.  The contributions of excitotoxicity, glutathione depletion and DNA repair in chemically induced injury to neurones: exemplified with toxic effects on cerebellar granule cells , 2003, Journal of neurochemistry.

[158]  T. Syversen,et al.  Uptake of elemental mercury and activity of catalase in rat, hamster, guinea-pig, normal and acatalasemic mice. , 2009, Acta pharmacologica et toxicologica.

[159]  P. Kennedy,et al.  Physical and mental development of children with prenatal exposure to mercury from fish. Stage 2. Interviews and psychological tests at age 6. , 1990 .

[160]  B. Weiss,et al.  Silent latency periods in methylmercury poisoning and in neurodegenerative disease. , 2002, Environmental health perspectives.

[161]  K. Eto.  Minamata disease , 2000, Neuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology.

[162]  T. Clarkson.  The three modern faces of mercury. , 2002, Environmental health perspectives.

[163]  N. Ralston,et al.  Dietary selenium's protective effects against methylmercury toxicity. , 2010, Toxicology.

[164]  Parameters of dendritic transport. , 1981 .

[165]  M. Tollånes,et al.  Pregnancy outcomes among female dental personnel--a registry-based retrospective cohort study. , 2011, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[166]  J. Warkany.  Acrodynia--postmortem of a disease. , 1966, American journal of diseases of children.

[167]  J. Langhinrichsen-Rohling,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of the Neuropsychological Effects of Occupational Exposure to Manganese , 2006, The Clinical neuropsychologist.