UV-induced intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric fiber sensors

In this paper, we present a novel point-wise laser writing method that utilizes a focused ultraviolet (UV) laser beam and metallic masks to write local Fresnel reflectors and intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (IFPI) sensors in photosensitive fibers. These UV-induced IFPI sensors have features of low reflectance and low power loss and have the potential to be densely multiplexed. We also present a sweeping laser based measurement system that measures the interference spectra and estimates the optical path distances (OPD) of IFPI sensors. We also demonstrated IFPI sensors for temperature, strain and pressure measurement. Laboratory test results show that these UV-induced IFPI sensors can have a resolution of 0.1°C for temperature measurement and 0.5 micro-strain for strain measurement, and can be used in a temperature environment as high as 600°C.

[1]  Kent A. Murphy,et al.  Broadband photoinduced Fresnel reflectors , 1994, Proceedings of LEOS'94.

[2]  M.S. Demokan,et al.  Experimental demonstration of a fiber-optic gas sensor network addressed by FMCW , 2000, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[3]  Shirley Dex,et al.  JR 旅客販売総合システム（マルス）における運用及び管理について , 1991 .

[4]  Denis Donlagic,et al.  Microbend sensor structure for use in distributed and quasi-distributed sensor systems based on selective launching and filtering of the modes in graded index multimode fiber , 1999 .

[5]  A. Rogers.  Polarisation optical time domain reflectometry , 1980 .

[6]  Gerard Franklyn Fernando,et al.  Multiplexed optical fibre Fabry-Perot sensors for strain metrology , 1999 .

[7]  X. Bao,et al.  Simultaneous distributed strain and temperature measurement. , 1999, Applied optics.

[8]  A. Kersey,et al.  Multiplexing of interferometric sensors using phase carrier techniques , 1987 .

[9]  Kyriacos Kalli,et al.  Fiber Bragg Gratings: Fundamentals and Applications in Telecommunications and Sensing , 2000 .

[10]  K.T.V. Grattan,et al.  A multiplexing scheme for optical fibre interferometric sensors using an fmcw generated carrier , 1992, 8th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference.

[11]  J Schwider,et al.  Dispersive interferometric profilometer. , 1994, Optics letters.

[12]  A. Kersey,et al.  Multiplexed fiber Bragg grating strain-sensor system with a fiber Fabry - Perot wavelength filter. , 1993, Optics letters.

[13]  M. N. Deeter.  High sensitivity fiber-optic magnetic field sensors based on iron garnets , 1994 .

[14]  Kent A. Murphy,et al.  Photoinduced Fresnel reflectors for point-wise and distributed sensing applications , 1995, Smart Structures.

[15]  Anbo Wang,et al.  Self-calibrated interferometric-intensity-based optical fiber sensors , 2001 .

[16]  K. Bohnert,et al.  Temperature and vibration insensitive fiber-optic current sensor , 2002 .

[17]  Steven Kay,et al.  A Fast and Accurate Single Frequency Estimator , 2022 .

[18]  Robert Boorstyn,et al.  Single tone parameter estimation from discrete-time observations , 1974, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[19]  Alan J. Rogers.  Distributed optical fiber sensing , 1991, Other Conferences.

[20]  A. Kersey,et al.  Fiber optic michelson aft with passive elimination of polarization fading a ource feedback isolation , 1992, 8th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference.

[21]  Alan D. Kersey,et al.  Low-crosstalk code-division multiplexed interferometric array , 1992 .

[22]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[23]  T. Parker,et al.  A fully distributed simultaneous strain and temperature sensor using spontaneous Brillouin backscatter , 1997, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[24]  Kent A. Murphy,et al.  Multiplexed absolute strain measurements using extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometers , 1995, Smart Structures.

[25]  R. Claus,et al.  Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Optical Fiber Sensor , 1992, 8th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference.

[26]  John P. Dakin.  Distributed optical fiber sensors , 1993, Other Conferences.

[27]  Zhuang Wang,et al.  UV-induced intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors and their multiplexing for temperature and strain sensing , 2006, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[28]  T. Horiguchi,et al.  A technique to measure distributed strain in optical fibers , 1990, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[29]  Robert H Wentworth,et al.  Choosing relative optical path delays in series-topology interferometric sensor arrays , 1987 .

[30]  S C Huang,et al.  Time-division multiplexing of polarization-insensitive fiber-optic Michelson interferometric sensors. , 1995, Optics letters.

[31]  Steven A. Tretter,et al.  Estimating the frequency of a noisy sinusoid by linear regression , 1985, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[32]  A. Kersey,et al.  Fiber Bragg grating array sensor system using a bandpass wavelength division multiplexer and interferometric detection , 1996, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[33]  A J Rogers,et al.  Interferometric optical time-domain reflectometry for distributed optical-fiber sensing. , 1998, Applied optics.

[34]  T Okoshi,et al.  Optical-fiber diagnosis using optical-frequency-domain reflectometry. , 1985, Optics letters.

[35]  J. N. Ross,et al.  Distributed optical fibre Raman temperature sensor using a semiconductor light source and detector , 1985 .

[36]  Henry F. Taylor,et al.  In-line fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer with high-reflectance internal mirrors , 1992 .

[37]  G. Carter,et al.  Coherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) using a fiber grating external cavity laser , 1994, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[38]  P. Healey,et al.  Instrumentation principles for optical time domain reflectometry , 1986 .

[39]  Robert Frank,et al.  Frequency-division-multiplexed Fabry-Perot interferometric fiber sensors for temperature monitoring in a selective catalytic reduction unit , 2005, SPIE Optics East.

[40]  P. J. Nash,et al.  Large-scale multiplexing of interferometric fiber-optic sensors using TDM and DWDM , 2001 .

[41]  A. Kersey,et al.  A four-element fiber grating sensor array with phase-sensitive detection , 1994, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[42]  S H Yun,et al.  Frequency-division-multiplexed polarimetric fiber laser current-sensor array. , 1999, Optics letters.

[43]  P. W. Smith,et al.  Time-division multiplexing of large serial fiber-optic Bragg grating sensor arrays. , 2001, Applied optics.

[44]  K. Hill,et al.  Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview , 1997 .

[45]  M. P. Gold,et al.  Distributed temperature sensing in solid-core fibres , 1985 .

[46]  S. M. Maughan,et al.  Simultaneous distributed fibre temperature and strain sensor using microwave coherent detection of spontaneous Brillouin backscatter , 2001 .

[47]  A. J. Hymans,et al.  Analysis of a frequency-modulated continuous-wave ranging system , 1960 .

[48]  Alan B. Tveten,et al.  Multiplexing of interferometric sensors using phase-generated carrier techniques , 1987 .

[49]  E. Brinkmeyer,et al.  Coherent frequency-domain reflectometry for characterization of single-mode integrated-optical waveguides , 1993 .

[50]  Xiaoke Wan,et al.  Monitoring and multiplexing technique for interferometric fiber optic sensors with a linearly chirped Er:fiber laser. , 2002, Applied optics.

[51]  M. Skolnik,et al.  Introduction to Radar Systems , 2021, Advances in Adaptive Radar Detection and Range Estimation.

[52]  W. Jin,et al.  Multiplexing of fiber Bragg grating sensors using a FMCW technique , 1999, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[53]  T. Horiguchi,et al.  Distributed-temperature sensing using stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical silica fibers. , 1990, Optics letters.

[54]  Henry F Taylor,et al.  Multiplexed fiber Fabry-Perot temperature sensor system using white-light interferometry. , 2002, Optics letters.

[55]  T. Gogolla,et al.  Spontaneous Raman scattering in optical fibers with modulated probe light for distributed temperature Raman remote sensing , 1999 .

[56]  W. Peng,et al.  Novel data processing techniques for dispersive white light interferometer , 2003 .

[57]  H. Kee,et al.  All-fiber system for simultaneous interrogation of distributed strain and temperature sensing by spontaneous Brillouin scattering. , 2000, Optics letters.

[58]  Alan D. Kersey,et al.  Multiplexed Mach-Zehnder ladder array with ten sensor elements , 1989 .

[59]  R. Kist.  Point sensor multiplexing principles , 1989 .

[60]  Alan D. Kersey,et al.  Demonstration of an eight-element time-division multiplexed interferometric fibre sensor array , 1988 .

[61]  A B Tveten,et al.  Time-division multiplexing of interferometric fiber sensors using passive phase-generated carrier interrogation. , 1987, Optics letters.

[62]  Zhuang Wang,et al.  Novel Fabry-Perot fiber optic sensor with multiple applications , 2004, SPIE Optics East.

[63]  K. Hill,et al.  Photosensitivity in optical fiber waveguides: Application to reflection filter fabrication , 1978 .

[64]  H. Taylor,et al.  Optical-fiber Fabry-Perot embedded sensor. , 1989, Optics letters.

[65]  M. Froggatt,et al.  High-spatial-resolution distributed strain measurement in optical fiber with rayleigh scatter. , 1998, Applied optics.

[66]  Nicolas Gisin,et al.  Mid-range coherent optical frequency domain reflectometry with a DFB laser diode coupled to an external cavity , 1995 .

[67]  Alan D. Kersey,et al.  Experimental investigation of polarisation-induced fading in interferometric fibre sensor arrays , 1991 .

[68]  Wei Jin,et al.  FMCW multiplexing of fiber Bragg grating sensors , 2000, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[69]  D. W. Dolfi,et al.  Frequency domain optical network analysis using integrated optics , 1991 .

[70]  M. Froggatt,et al.  Distributed measurement of static strain in an optical fiber with multiple bragg gratings at nominally equal wavelengths. , 1998, Applied optics.

[71]  T. Horiguchi,et al.  BOTDA-nondestructive measurement of single-mode optical fiber attenuation characteristics using Brillouin interaction: theory , 1989 .

[72]  Richard O. Claus,et al.  Multimeasurand multiplexed extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors , 1994, Smart Structures.

[73]  Vincent A. Handerek,et al.  High resolution fibre Bragg grating sensor demodulation using a diffraction grating spectrometer and CCD detection , 1997 .

[74]  R Juskaitis,et al.  Distributed interferometric fiber sensor system. , 1992, Optics letters.

[75]  A. Othonos.  Fiber Bragg gratings , 1999 .

[76]  B. T. Meggitt,et al.  Digital signal-processing techniques for electronically scanned optical-fiber white-light interferometry. , 1992, Applied optics.

[77]  B. T. Meggitt.  Fiber optic white-light interferometric sensors , 1995 .

[78]  Jesse Zheng,et al.  Analysis of optical frequency-modulated continuous-wave interference. , 2004, Applied optics.

[79]  Libo Yuan,et al.  Enhancement of multiplexing capability of low-coherence interferometric fiber sensor array by use of a loop topology , 2003 .

[80]  Martin A. Putnam,et al.  Hybrid time- and wavelength-division multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensor array , 1995, Smart Structures.

[81]  M.S. Demokan,et al.  Enhanced multiplexing capacity of low-coherence reflectometric sensors with a loop topology , 2002, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[82]  Henry F. Taylor,et al.  Interferometric optical fibre sensors using internal mirrors , 1988 .

[83]  James S. Sirkis,et al.  In-line fiber etalon (ILFE) fiber-optic strain sensors , 1995 .

[84]  Kenneth T. V. Grattan,et al.  Recent progress in optical current sensing techniques , 1995 .

[85]  Faramarz Farahi,et al.  Multiplexed fibre-optic interferometric sensing system: combined frequency and time division , 1988 .

[86]  D. Garcus,et al.  Brillouin optical-fiber frequency-domain analysis for distributed temperature and strain measurements , 1997 .

[87]  Alan D. Kersey,et al.  Polarisation-insensitive fibre optic Michelson interferometer , 1991 .

[88]  B. Y. Kim,et al.  Coherence multiplexing of fiber-optic interferometric sensors , 1985 .

[89]  Anbo Wang,et al.  Frequency-estimation-based signal-processing algorithm for white-light optical fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers. , 2005, Applied optics.

[90]  Alan D. Kersey.  Demonstration of a hybrid time/wavelength division multiplexed interferometric fibre sensor array , 1991 .

[91]  G. Agrawal.  Lightwave Technology: Components and Devices , 2004 .

[92]  Stephen A. Dyer,et al.  Digital signal processing , 2018, 8th International Multitopic Conference, 2004. Proceedings of INMIC 2004..

[93]  Kent A. Murphy,et al.  Exact Analysis of the Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometric Optical Fiber Sensor Using Kirchhoff's Diffraction Formalism , 1995 .

[94]  Robert C Youngquist,et al.  FMCW of optical source envelope modulation for passive multiplexing of frequency-based fibre-optic sensors , 1986 .

[95]  F. Kullander.  Code division multiplexing in interferometric optical fiber sensor networks , 2002, 2002 15th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference Technical Digest. OFS 2002(Cat. No.02EX533).

[96]  S. M. Maughan,et al.  57-km single-ended spontaneous Brillouin-based distributed fiber temperature sensor using microwave coherent detection. , 2001, Optics letters.

[97]  A. Hartog.  A distributed temperature sensor based on liquid-core optical fibers , 1983, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[98]  T. Horiguchi,et al.  Tensile strain dependence of Brillouin frequency shift in silica optical fibers , 1989, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.