An investigation into the behaviour of pressed-in piles

An investigation into the behaviour of pressed-in piles has been conducted. The press-in method of pile installation allows large pre-formed foundation piles to be constructed without the noise and vibration associated with conventional dynamic techniques, and with minimal requirement for temporary works. This investigation is divided into two parts; a fundamental study of the mechanics of press-in pile installation in sand and a sequence of field tests to examine the behaviour of pressed-in piles at full scale. The mechanics of pile installation have been studied using a plane strain calibration chamber. A new system for deformation measurement in plane strain modelling and other forms of geotechnical testing has been developed. This system combines techniques of digital photography, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and close range photogrammetry. A series of validation experiments demonstrated that the system offers greater accuracy and precision than existing measurement techniques. This improved performance is achieved concurrent with an order-of-magnitude increase in the number of measurement points that can be established within the observed soil. A series of 8 calibration chamber tests is reported. The pattern of soil displacement during pile installation was measured. These measurements were of sufficient quality to allow soil strain paths during installation to be calculated. The influence of soil type and initial density was examined, and the post-installation strain distribution was found. The concentration of shear and volumetric strain close to the pile tip was quantified, and a reversal of strain direction as the soil passes around the pile shoulder was observed. A zone of highly compacted soil was observed immediately below the pile tip and along the pile shaft. Contraction of this sleeve of broken soil grains was observed with continued penetration of the pile. A mechanism is proposed to link this kinematic observation to the distribution of shaft friction close to the tip of displacement piles. A further mechanism i s proposed to predict the distribution o f external shaft friction along the upper part of a pile shaft. This mechanism is based on vertical arching theory, and is an extension of a previous approach for the prediction of internal shaft friction. Four series of field tests using pressed-in piles were conducted. The first series demonstrated that internal shaft friction is well predicted by vertical arching theory. Since vertical arching evolves according to an exponential function, pile performance can be dramatically influenced by only small changes to the governing parameters. The improvement of driveability using an internal driving shoe was investigated. The final series of load tests demonstrated a novel foundation solution in which the high shaft friction created by vertical arching can be 'switched on' after installation. This is achieved using a construction sequence involving H-section piles. During press-in installation of each pile, the geometry does not create vertical arching. During loading of the entire structure, arching occurs. This leads to a high positive group effect, and an efficient foundation structure. Keywords: pile, sand, foundation, press-in, particle image velocimetry, photogrammeh·y, geotechnical.

[1]  P. Chadwick Continuum Mechanics: Concise Theory and Problems , 1976 .

[2]  L Fuglsang CENTRIFUGAL MODEL TESTS IN SOIL MECHANICS , 1976 .

[3]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  Cavity Expansion and Penetration Resistance in Sand , 1997 .

[4]  David White,et al.  Empirical pile design based on CPT data: an explanation for the reduction of unit base resistance between CPTs and piles , 2001 .

[5]  R. Adrian Particle-Imaging Techniques for Experimental Fluid Mechanics , 1991 .

[6]  上杉 守道,et al.  Influential factors of friction between steel and dry sands. , 1986 .

[7]  M. Jamiolkowski New development in field and laboratory testing of soils , 1985 .

[8]  Hai-Sui Yu,et al.  Cavity expansion theory and its application to the analysis of pressuremeters , 1990 .

[9]  Say Yong Lee Centrifuge modelling of cone penetration testing in cohesionless soils , 1990 .

[10]  Barry Lehane,et al.  Friction Coefficients for Piles in Sands and Silts , 1993 .

[11]  J. H. Klick,et al.  Techniques and Results of Offshore Pile Load Testing In Calcareous Soils , 1973 .

[12]  T Lunne,et al.  BOUNDARY EFFECTS IN THE LABORATORY CALIBRATION OF A CONE PENETROMETER FOR SAND , 1982 .

[13]  Michele Jamiolkowski,et al.  Modulus of Sand's from CPT's and DMT's , 1989 .

[14]  Malcolm D. Bolton,et al.  Press-in-piling: the installation of instrumented steel tubular piles with and without driving shoes , 2001 .

[15]  Mark Randolph,et al.  TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE SHAFT CAPACITY OF PILES IN SAND , 1993 .

[16]  Mm Allam,et al.  A dual interface apparatus for testing unrestricted friction of soil along solid surfaces , 1996 .

[17]  Hg Poulos,et al.  Tests on Model Jacked Piles in Calcareous Sand , 1996 .

[18]  R. G. James Stress and strain fields in sand , 1965 .

[19]  C. F. Leung,et al.  Centrifuge model study on pile subject to lapses during installation in sand , 2001 .

[20]  Ulrich Klotz The influence of state on the capacity of driven piles in sands , 2000 .

[21]  M. M. Baligh,et al.  Cavity Expansion in Sands with Curved Envelopes , 1976 .

[22]  Fook Hou Lee,et al.  The role of particle breakage in pile creep in sand , 1996 .

[23]  Mark Randolph,et al.  SOIL PLUG BEHAVIOUR OF PILES IN SAND , 1990 .

[24]  R. E. Olson AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY OF STEEL PIPE PILES IN SAND , 1990 .

[25]  Mark Randolph,et al.  Dynamic and Static Load Testing of Model Piles Driven into Dense Sand , 1999 .

[26]  Matthew Richard Coop,et al.  The mechanics of uncemented carbonate sands , 1990 .

[27]  G. T. Houlsby,et al.  Discussion: Calibration chamber tests of a cone penetrometer in sand , 1989 .

[28]  Mark Randolph,et al.  Compression and crushing behaviour of calcareous soils , 2000 .

[29]  David Airey,et al.  Pile Skin Friction in Sands from Constant Normal Stiffness Tests , 1995 .

[30]  Renato Lancellotta,et al.  New correlations of penetration tests for design practice : Proc 1st International Symposium on Penetration Testing, ISOPT-1, Orlando, 20–24 March 1988V1, P263–296. Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1988 , 1990 .

[31]  A. A. Parkin,et al.  Calibration of cone penetrometers , 1990 .

[32]  C.R.I. Clayton,et al.  The design of diaphragm-type boundary total stress cells , 1993 .

[33]  O. Zienkiewicz,et al.  The finite element method in structural and continuum mechanics, numerical solution of problems in structural and continuum mechanics , 1967 .

[34]  Richard J. Jardine,et al.  Effects of installing displacement piles in a high OCR clay , 1991 .

[35]  Harry M. Coyle,et al.  NEW DESIGN CORRELATIONS FOR PILES IN SAND , 1981 .

[36]  Keith Martin Evans A model study of the end bearing capacity of piles in layered calcareous soils , 1987 .

[37]  G. Festag,et al.  Material behaviour of dry sand under cyclic loading , 2001 .

[38]  A. S. Vesić Expansion of Cavities in Infinite Soil Mass , 1972 .

[39]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  DETERMINATION OF PILE BASE RESISTANCE IN SANDS , 1999 .

[40]  N. J. O'Riordan,et al.  A COMPUTER MODEL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF GROUND MOVEMENTS IN LONDON CLAY , 1979 .

[41]  Thomas M. Gurtowski,et al.  Compression Load Tests on Concrete Piles in Alluvium , 1984 .

[42]  Malcolm D. Bolton,et al.  Press-in piling: Ground vibration and noise during pile installation , 2002 .

[43]  C. P. Wroth The axial capacity of driven piles in clay , 1987 .

[44]  Samuel G. Paikowsky,et al.  A new look at the phenomenon of offshore pile plugging , 1989 .

[45]  B Broms,et al.  ON THE BEARING CAPACITY OF DRIVEN PILES , 1972 .

[46]  N. E. Simons,et al.  A Short Course in Foundation Engineering , 1975 .

[47]  Noriyuki Yasufuku,et al.  PILE END-BEARING CAPACITY OF SAND RELATED TO SOIL COMPRESSIBILITY , 2001 .

[48]  M L Lings PREDICTING THE SHAFT RESISTANCE OF DRIVEN PRE-FORMED PILES IN SAND. , 1997 .

[49]  E I Robinsky,et al.  Sand Displacement and Compaction around Model Friction Piles , 1964 .

[50]  Matthew Richard Coop,et al.  THE BEHAVIOUR OF GRANULAR SOILS AT ELEVATED STRESSES , 1993 .

[51]  Matthew S. Dietz,et al.  Developing an holistic understanding of interface friction using sands within the Direct Shear Apparatus , 2000 .

[52]  Barry Lehane,et al.  Experimental investigations of pile behaviour using instrumented field piles , 1992 .

[53]  Guy T. Houlsby,et al.  FINITE CAVITY EXPANSION IN DILATANT SOILS: LOADING ANALYSIS , 1991 .

[54]  C. P. Wroth,et al.  An analytical solution for the consolidation around a driven pile , 1979 .

[55]  Antonio Gens,et al.  DRAINED PRINCIPAL STRESS ROTATION IN SATURATED SAND. DISCUSSION , 1989 .

[56]  Malcolm D. Bolton,et al.  Measuring soil deformation in geotechnical models using digital images and PIV analysis , 2001 .

[57]  Richard D. Keane,et al.  Single exposure double frame particle image velocimeters , 1990 .

[58]  E. Heerema,et al.  Predicting Pile Driveability: Heather As An Illustration Of The "Friction Fatigue" Theory , 1978 .

[59]  Alan J. Lutenegger,et al.  Influence of Pile Plugging on Skin Friction in Overconsolidated Clay , 1997 .

[60]  Kraft LelandM. Computing axial pile capacity in sands for offshore conditions , 1990 .

[61]  John H. Schmertmann,et al.  GUIDELINES FOR CONE PENETRATION TEST. (PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN) , 1978 .

[62]  R. J. Jardine,et al.  The Applicability Of The New Imperial College Oile Design Method To Calcareous' Sands , 1998 .

[63]  Noriyuki Yasufuku,et al.  Pile end-bearing capacity in crushable sands , 1995 .

[64]  Jim H. Chandler,et al.  Photogrammetric Capabilities of the Kodak DC40, DCS420 and DCS460 Digital Cameras , 1999 .

[65]  A. Fourie,et al.  Studies of the influence of non-linear stress-strain characteristics in soil-structure interaction , 1986 .

[66]  J. Goodman Introduction to Fourier optics , 1969 .

[67]  H. M. Zuidberg,et al.  EURIPIDES, Load Tests on Large Driven Piles in Dense Silica Sands , 1996 .

[68]  Peter K. Robertson,et al.  Cone-penetration testing in geotechnical practice , 1997 .

[69]  David White,et al.  Press-in piling: the influence of plugging on driveability , 2000 .

[70]  Peter K. Robertson,et al.  Interpretation of cone penetration tests. Part I: Sand , 1983 .

[71]  Barry Lehane,et al.  Mechanisms of Shaft Friction in Sand from Instrumented Pile Tests , 1994 .

[72]  A. Vesić Experiments with Instrumented Pile Groups in Sand , 1969 .

[73]  Mark Randolph,et al.  The plugging behaviour of driven and jacked piles in sand , 1997 .

[74]  K. Soga,et al.  Particle shape characterisation using Fourier descriptor analysis , 2001 .

[75]  J. Kérisel,et al.  FIELD TESTS OF PILES IN SAND , 1972 .

[76]  半沢 秀郎,et al.  Development of the friction meter for evaluating the skin friction of a pile. , 1986 .

[77]  D. W. Hight,et al.  Evidence for scale effects in the end bearing capacity of open-ended piles in sand , 1996 .

[78]  Finian Seng Chin Tan Centrifuge and theoretical modelling of conical footings on sand , 1990 .

[79]  J. Tukey,et al.  An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series , 1965 .

[80]  Robert J. Mair,et al.  Centrifugal modelling of tunnel construction in soft clay , 1980 .

[81]  Mohammed Taleb Obaidat,et al.  Computer Vision-Based Technique to Measure Displacement in Selected Soil Tests , 1998 .

[82]  Mark Randolph,et al.  Evaluation of a Minimum Base Resistance for Driven Pipe Piles in Siliceous Sand , 2002 .

[83]  Barry Lehane,et al.  An Optical Technique for Investigating Soil Displacement Patterns , 2001 .

[84]  Peter Leigh Bransby Stress and strain in sand caused by rotation of a model wall , 1968 .

[85]  Reed L Mosher Comparison of Axial Capacity of Vibratory-Driven Piles to Impact-Driven Piles. , 1987 .

[86]  Matthew Richard Coop,et al.  Stiffness of coarse-grained soils at small strains , 1997 .

[87]  W. A. Take The influence of seasonal moisture cycles on clay slopes , 2003 .

[88]  A C Meigh,et al.  Cone Penetration Testing: Methods and Interpretation , 1989 .

[89]  Renato Lancellotta,et al.  Base capacity of bored piles in sands from in-situ tests , 1993 .

[90]  Richard John Grant Movements around a tunnel in two-layer ground , 1998 .

[91]  J. F. Nauroy,et al.  Model Tests of Piles in Calcarecus Sands , 1983 .

[92]  Elisabeth T. Bowman,et al.  The ageing and creep of dense granular materials , 2002 .

[93]  K. Terzaghi Theoretical Soil Mechanics , 1943 .

[94]  F. Brucy,et al.  Behavior of pile plug in sandy soils during and after driving , 1991 .

[95]  J. F. Nauroy,et al.  The effects of time on the capacity of pipe piles in dense marine sand , 1996 .

[96]  G. Wayne Clough,et al.  Behavior of Granular Materials Under High Stresses , 1968 .

[97]  A. Zelikson Geotechnical Models Using the Hydraulic Gradient Similarity Method , 1969 .

[98]  Michael W. O'Neill,et al.  Laboratory evaluation of piles installed with vibratory drivers , 1989 .

[99]  C. P. Wroth,et al.  Discussion: Field studies of an instrumented model pile in clay , 1990 .

[100]  Guy T. Houlsby A model study of the end bearing capacity of piles in layered calcareous soils , 1987 .

[101]  B. H. Fellenius,et al.  CRITICAL DEPTH: HOW IT CAME INTO BEING AND WHY IT DOES NOT EXIST , 1995 .

[102]  James R. Standing Studies of the interface resistance of soil nails , 1997 .

[103]  S. N. Wersching,et al.  The development of shaft friction and end bearing for piles in homogeneous and layered soils , 1987 .

[104]  Mark Felton. Randolph,et al.  A theoretical study of the performance of piles , 1978 .

[105]  R. Butterfield,et al.  A Stero-Photogrammetric Method for Measuring Displacement Fields , 1970 .

[106]  A. Vesic,et al.  BEARING CAPACITY OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS IN SAND , 1963 .

[107]  Mark Randolph,et al.  Centrifuge modelling of pipe piles in sand under axial loads , 1999 .

[108]  H. Kishida,et al.  Tests of the interface between sand and steel in the simple shear apparatus , 1987 .

[109]  Janne Heikkilä,et al.  A four-step camera calibration procedure with implicit image correction , 1997, Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[110]  Janne Heikkilä,et al.  Calibration procedure for short focal length off-the-shelf CCD cameras , 1996, Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition.

[111]  Jean-Louis Briaud,et al.  MEASURED AND PREDICTED AXIAL RESPONSE OF 98 PILES , 1988 .

[112]  Matthew Richard Coop,et al.  An investigation of the effect of soil state on the capacity of driven piles in sands , 2001 .

[113]  Gary Axelsson A Conceptual Model of Pile Set-Up for Driven Piles in Non-Cohesive Soil , 2002 .

[114]  M J Gunn,et al.  THE PREDICTION OF SURFACE SETTLEMENT PROFILES DUE TO TUNNELLING , 1993 .

[115]  Ian Arthur Astley Smith,et al.  Stress and strain in a sand mass adjacent to a model wall , 1972 .

[116]  C. R. Golightly,et al.  End Bearing Capacity of Piles in Calcareous Sands , 1990 .

[117]  Michael W. O'Neill,et al.  Driving Characteristics of Open‐Toe Piles in Dense Sand , 1992 .

[118]  Charles I. Mansur,et al.  PILE TESTS-ARKANSAS RIVER PROJECT , 1970 .

[119]  Fernando Schnaid,et al.  Analysis of Cone Pressuremeter Tests in Sands , 1996 .

[120]  J. Brinch Hansen AKADEMIET FOR DE TEKNISKE VIDENSKABER , 2008 .

[121]  V. G. Berezantzev Load bearing capacity and deformation of piled foundations , 1961 .

[122]  Aleksandar S. Vesic,et al.  Tests on Instrumented Piles, Ogeechee River Site , 1970 .

[123]  G. T. Houlsby,et al.  Analytical study of the cone penetration test in clay , 1991 .

[124]  Malcolm D. Bolton,et al.  A deformation measurement system for geotechnical testing based on digital imaging, close-range photogrammetry, and PIV image analysis , 2001 .

[125]  J. Booker,et al.  Cavity expansion in cohesive frictional soils , 1986 .

[126]  落合 英俊,et al.  PILE END-BEARING CAPACITY OF SAND RELATED TO SOIL COMPRESSIBILITY , 2001 .

[127]  Jitendrapal S. Sharma Behaviour of reinforced embankments on soft clay. , 1994 .

[128]  I. Jefferson,et al.  Soil mechanics in engineering practice , 1997 .

[129]  Harry G. Poulos,et al.  Pile behaviour - theory and application , 1989 .

[130]  J. B. Hansen,et al.  A general formula for bearing capacity , 1961 .

[131]  George Geoffrey Meyerhof,et al.  Some recent research on the bearing capacity of foundations , 1963 .

[132]  Antonio Gens,et al.  Drained principal stress rotation in saturated sand , 1988 .

[133]  Andrew J. Whittle,et al.  PREDICTION OF GROUND MOVEMENTS DUE TO PILE DRIVING IN CLAY , 2001 .

[134]  F. L. Beringen,et al.  Pile foundations for large North Sea structures , 1979 .

[135]  W. L. Cowley The Uncertainty Principle , 1949, Nature.

[136]  M. Bolton THE STRENGTH AND DILATANCY OF SANDS , 1986 .

[137]  Robert J. Mair Developments in geotechnical engineering research: application to tunnels and deep excavations , 1993 .

[138]  M. Stroud,et al.  The behaviour of sand at low stress levels in the simple-shear apparatus , 1971 .

[139]  Sbp John,et al.  IN SITU MEASUREMENT OF SOIL PROPERTIES , 1980 .

[140]  M. L. Lings,et al.  An Appraisal of API RP2A Recommendations for Determining Skin Friction of Piles in Sand , 1990 .

[141]  M. M. Baligh Strain Path Method , 1985 .

[142]  Tung-Li Yen,et al.  Interpretation of Instrumented Driven Steel Pipe Piles , 1989 .

[143]  R. W. Cooke The settlement of Friction Pile Foundations , 1974 .

[144]  J Biarez,et al.  BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT OF PILE FOUNDATIONS , 1977 .

[145]  M. Randolph,et al.  Design of driven piles in sand , 1994 .

[146]  R. Butterfield,et al.  The measurement of planar displacements of sand grains , 1973 .

[147]  Richard J. Jardine,et al.  Investigations into the behaviour of displacement piles for offshore foundations , 1996 .

[148]  S. E. Stallebrass,et al.  A Constitutive Model Combining the Microscopic and Macroscopic Behaviour of Sands in Shear and Volumetric Deformation , 1998 .

[149]  David R. Gill Experimental and theoretical investigations of pile and penetrometer installation in clay , 2000 .

[150]  Malcolm D. Bolton,et al.  Centrifuge cone penetration tests in sand , 1999 .

[151]  Ken Been,et al.  A STATE PARAMETER FOR SANDS , 1985 .