Intentionale Steuerung kognitiver Prozesse

ZusammenfassungGegenstand des Beitrags sind neuere Forschungsansätze zu Mechanismen der intentionalen Kontrolle und Steuerung kognitiver Aktivität. Gängige Modelle zur Abbildung von Steuerungsvorgängen legen in der Regel eine zentrale Steuerungsinstanz zugrunde (zentrale Exekutive), die als einheitlich, kapazitätsbegrenzt und autonom gilt. Diese Annahmen werden durch neuere experimentelle Ergebnisse kognitionspsychologischer Forschung nicht unterstützt. Gleiches gilt für Befunde aus (PET)-Studien sowie aus neuropsychologischen Untersuchungen an Patienten mit Läsionen des präfrontalen Cortex. Derzeit lassen sich spezifische Funktionen für die Steuerung kognitiver Aktivität noch nicht ausreichend mit anatomischen Strukturen verbinden. Aus empirischen Untersuchungen resultiert jedoch eine Befundlage, die eine Beteiligung anatomisch separierbarer Netzwerke wahrscheinlich machen. Diskutiert wird unter anderem, daß sich dorsolaterale Areale des präfrontalen Cortex in Verbindung mit dem Cingulum anterior hinsichtlich spezifischer Steuerungsfunktionen von ventralen Arealen unterscheiden lassen.SummaryThe article is concerned with recent empirical approaches in the domain of control of mental processes. Models for intentional control of cognitive activity usually postulate a central, unitary subsystem, central executive, with limited capacity. Recent data resulting from experimental research in cognitive psychology do not support these assumptions. Also from PET-studies, and from neuropsychological studies of patients with lesions of prefrontal cortical areas no clear cut picture with regard to the control problem can be derived. Though it is not yet possible to attribute specific control functions to different cortical structures, there is empirical evidence supporting the notion of anatomically separate networks. Among others, a distinction is discussed referring to different control functions of the dorsolateral prefrontal areas together with the anterior cingulate compared to the ventral areas.

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