Guidelines for the treatment of pressure ulcers

1. Co-chaired this panel 2. University of Washington, Seattle, WA 3. University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Galveston, TX 4. Sinai Hospital, Baltimore, MD 5. Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 6. University of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark 7. University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 8. University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 9. St. Louis Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, and 10. University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA

[1]  London,et al.  Variations on a Theme , 1938 .

[2]  C. Kraissl,et al.  The plastic surgical closure of decubitus ulcers in patients with paraplegia. , 1947, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics.

[3]  R. Blocksma,et al.  THE SURGICAL REPAIR OF DECUBITUS ULCER IN PARAPLEGICS; FURTHER OBSERVATIONS , 1949, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[4]  C. R. Ricketts,et al.  Human skin lipids with particular reference to the self-sterilising power of the skin. , 1951, Clinical science.

[5]  T. Husain,et al.  An experimental study of some pressure effects on tissues, with reference to the bed-sore problem. , 1953, The Journal of pathology and bacteriology.

[6]  N. Liedberg,et al.  The effect of bacteria on the take of split-thickness skin grafts in rabbits. , 1955 .

[7]  H. Conway,et al.  Plastic surgery for closure of decubitus ulcers in patients with paraplegia; based on experience with 1,000 cases. , 1956, American journal of surgery.

[8]  G. Winter,et al.  Effect of Air Drying and Dressings on the Surface of a Wound , 1963, Nature.

[9]  C. M. Martin,et al.  RELATIONSHIP OF QUANTITATIVE WOUND BACTERIAL COUNTS TO HEALING OF DECUBITI: EFFECT OF TOPICAL GENTAMICIN. , 1964, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.

[10]  J. Murray,et al.  LONG‐TERM EVALUATION OF ISCHIECTOMY IN THE TREATMENT OF PRESSURE ULCERS , 1965, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[11]  J. Davis,et al.  Endogenous wound infection. , 1966, The Journal of trauma.

[12]  T. Krizek,et al.  Bacterial growth and skin graft survival , 1967 .

[13]  T. K. Hunt,et al.  Effects of Cortisone and Vitamin A on Wound Healing , 1968, Annals of surgery.

[14]  M. Robson,et al.  Quantitative bacteriology and delayed wound closure. , 1968, Surgical forum.

[15]  N. Georgiade,et al.  Total thigh flaps for extensive decubitus ulcers. A 16 year review of 41 total thigh flaps. , 1969, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[16]  M. Robson,et al.  Surgical infection. II. The beta-hemolytic streptococcus. , 1969, The Journal of surgical research.

[17]  A. Boxer,et al.  Debridement of dermal ulcers and decubiti with collagenase. , 1969, Geriatrics.

[18]  R. Reynolds,et al.  THE EFFECT OF ORAL ZINC SULFATE THERAPY ON DECUBITUS ULCERS , 1971 .

[19]  T. Hallböök,et al.  Serum-zinc and healing of venous leg ulcers. , 1972, Lancet.

[20]  M. Robson,et al.  The efficacy of systemic antibiotics in the treatment of granulating wounds. , 1974, The Journal of surgical research.

[21]  J. Rogers,et al.  PREVENTING RECURRENT TISSUE BREAKDOWNS AFTER “PRESSURE SORE” CLOSURES , 1975, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[22]  W. Southwick,et al.  Quantitative bacterial analysis of comparative wound irrigations. , 1975, Annals of surgery.

[23]  R. Davis,et al.  Spasticity following spinal cord injury. , 1975, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[24]  M. Robson,et al.  Biology of surgical infection. , 1973, The Surgical clinics of North America.

[25]  E. Georgiev,et al.  Collagenase in the Treatment of Dermal and Decubitus Ulcers , 1975, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[26]  A. Mason,et al.  The quantitative swab culture and smear: A quick, simple method for determining the number of viable aerobic bacteria on open wounds. , 1976, The Journal of trauma.

[27]  R. Edlich,et al.  Management of soft tissue injury. , 1977, Clinics in plastic surgery.

[28]  R. Ger Muscle transposition for treatment and prevention of chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the tibia. , 1977, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[29]  P. Nyström THE MICROBIOLOGICAL SWAB SAMPLER ‐ A QUANTITATIVE EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION , 1978, Acta pathologica et microbiologica Scandinavica. Section B, Microbiology.

[30]  R. K. Daniel,et al.  Pressure sores-a reappraisal. , 1979, Annals of plastic surgery.

[31]  R. Edlich,et al.  Pluronic F-68: a promising new skin wound cleanser. , 1980, Annals of emergency medicine.

[32]  R. Vilter Nutritional aspects of ascorbic acid: uses and abuses. , 1980, The Western journal of medicine.

[33]  M. Robson,et al.  Comparison of Silver Sulfadiazine, Povidone‐Iodine and Physiologic Saline in the Treatment of Chronic Pressure Ulcers , 1981, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[34]  N. Jones,et al.  Delineation of the pressure sore bursa using methylene blue and hydrogen peroxide. , 1981, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[35]  A. Detsky,et al.  A comparison of the predictive value of nutritional assessment techniques. , 1982, Human nutrition. Clinical nutrition.

[36]  P. Robins,et al.  The effect of two new dressings on epidermal wound healing. , 1982, The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology.

[37]  R. Daniel,et al.  Muscle Coverage of Pressure Points—The Role of Myocutaneous Flaps , 1982, Annals of plastic surgery.

[38]  A. Prasad,et al.  Zinc nutriture in the elderly in relation to taste acuity, immune response, and wound healing. , 1982, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[39]  S. Mathes,et al.  Comparison of the effect of bacterial inoculation in musculocutaneous and random-pattern flaps. , 1982, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[40]  T. K. Hunt,et al.  Direct measurement of wound and tissue oxygen tension in postoperative patients. , 1983, Annals of surgery.

[41]  S. Stal,et al.  The perioperative management of the patient with pressure sores. , 1983, Annals of plastic surgery.

[42]  V. Devlin,et al.  The Release of Flexion Contractures As a Prerequisite for the Treatment of Pressure Sores in Multiple Sclerosis: A Report of Ten Cases , 1983, Annals of plastic surgery.

[43]  T. K. Hunt,et al.  Coverage of the Infected Wound , 1983, Annals of surgery.

[44]  W. Eaglstein,et al.  The effect of occlusive dressings on collagen synthesis and re-epithelialization in superficial wounds. , 1983, The Journal of surgical research.

[45]  T. G. Cooney,et al.  Pressure sores. , 1984, The Western journal of medicine.

[46]  G. Tobin Closure of contaminated wounds. Biologic and technical considerations. , 1984, The Surgical clinics of North America.

[47]  M. Sebern Pressure ulcer management in home health care: efficacy and cost effectiveness of moisture vapor permeable dressing. , 1986, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[48]  R. Allman,et al.  Pressure sores among hospitalized patients. , 1986, Annals of internal medicine.

[49]  J. Montgomerie,et al.  Quantitative microbiology of pressure sores in different stages of healing. , 1986, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[50]  T. K. Hunt,et al.  Vitamin A and wound healing. , 1986, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[51]  G. Kanel,et al.  Osteomyelitis associated with pressure ulcers. , 1986, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[52]  T. K. Hunt,et al.  Oxygen as an antibiotic. A comparison of the effects of inspired oxygen concentration and antibiotic administration on in vivo bacterial clearance. , 1986, Archives of surgery.

[53]  R. Murphy,et al.  The effect of microbial contamination on musculocutaneous and random flaps. , 1986, The Journal of surgical research.

[54]  S. Mathes,et al.  Comparison of the Effect of Bacterial Inoculation in Musculocutaneous and Fasciocutaneous Flaps , 1986, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[55]  B. Sugarman Pressure sores and underlying bone infection. , 1987, Archives of internal medicine.

[56]  J. C. Grotting,et al.  Pressure sore carcinoma. , 1987, Annals of plastic surgery.

[57]  R. Allman,et al.  Air-fluidized beds or conventional therapy for pressure sores. A randomized trial. , 1987, Annals of internal medicine.

[58]  S. Barnett,et al.  The effects of calcium alginate on wound healing. , 1987, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[59]  T. Zampieri,et al.  Urethral complications following ischiectomy in spinal cord injury patients: a urethral pressure study. , 1987, The Journal of urology.

[60]  G. Gorse,et al.  Improved pressure sore healing with hydrocolloid dressings. , 1987, Archives of dermatology.

[61]  D. Rudman,et al.  Relation of serum albumin concentration to death rate in nursing home men. , 1987, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[62]  R. Hendrix,et al.  The diagnosis of osteomyelitis in patients with pressure sores. , 1988, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[63]  L. Kloth,et al.  Acceleration of wound healing with high voltage, monophasic, pulsed current. , 1988, Physical therapy.

[64]  R. Allman,et al.  The prevention and management of pressure ulcers. , 1989, The Medical clinics of North America.

[65]  K. M. Nelson,et al.  A physiologic basis for the provision of fuel mixtures in normal and stressed patients. , 1989 .

[66]  P. A. Fall,et al.  Care of pressure sores: a controlled study of the use of a hydrocolloid dressing compared with wet saline gauze compresses. , 1989, Acta dermato-venereologica. Supplementum.

[67]  D. Berlowitz,et al.  Risk Factors for Pressure Sores , 1989, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[68]  T. K. Hunt,et al.  A study of the relationship between blood flow and bacterial inoculation in musculocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps. , 1990, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[69]  P. Delmas,et al.  Dietary supplementation in elderly patients with fractured neck of the femur , 1990, The Lancet.

[70]  C. McCollum,et al.  Clinical trial of calcium alginate haemostatic swabs , 1990, The British journal of surgery.

[71]  The use of a calcium alginate dressing in the management of decubitus ulcers in patients with spinal cord lesions , 1990, Paraplegia.

[72]  M. Robson,et al.  Wound healing alterations caused by infection. , 1990, Clinics in plastic surgery.

[73]  S. Dobrzański,et al.  Granuflex dressings in treatment of full thickness pressure sores. , 1990, Professional nurse.

[74]  L. Parish,et al.  Debridement of cutaneous ulcers: medical and surgical aspects. , 1991, Clinics in dermatology.

[75]  A. Prasad Discovery of human zinc deficiency and studies in an experimental human model. , 1991, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[76]  C. Dumurgier,et al.  Pressure sore carcinoma: a late but fulminant complication of pressure sores in spinal cord injury patients: case reports , 1991, Paraplegia.

[77]  T. K. Hunt,et al.  Tissue oxygenation, anemia, and perfusion in relation to wound healing in surgical patients. , 1991, Annals of surgery.

[78]  T. K. Hunt,et al.  Cigarette smoking decreases tissue oxygen. , 1991, Archives of surgery.

[79]  A. Grabosch,et al.  More Arguments in Favor of Myocutaneous Flaps for the Treatment of Pelvic Pressure Sores , 1991, Annals of plastic surgery.

[80]  A. Kant,et al.  A prospective study of outcome from protein-energy malnutrition in nursing home residents. , 1991, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[81]  C. T. Henderson,et al.  Prolonged tube feeding in long-term care: nutritional status and clinical outcomes. , 1992, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[82]  R. Turba,et al.  Pressure sore anemia: response to erythropoietin. , 1992, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[83]  L. Broemeling,et al.  The Effect of Denervation on Soft‐Tissue Infection Pathophysiology , 1992, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[84]  G. Xakellis,et al.  Hydrocolloid versus saline-gauze dressings in treating pressure ulcers: a cost-effectiveness analysis. , 1992, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[85]  E. Eriksson,et al.  Healing of partial thickness porcine skin wounds in a liquid environment. , 1992, The Journal of surgical research.

[86]  R. Dibenedetto,et al.  The treatment of osteomyelitis underlying pressure ulcers. , 1992, Decubitus.

[87]  J. Disa,et al.  Efficacy of Operative Cure in Pressure Sore Patients , 1992, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[88]  Nancy Bergstrom,et al.  A Prospective Study of Pressure Sore Risk among Institutionalized Elderly , 1992, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[89]  M. Foreman,et al.  A comparison of the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of two methods of managing pressure ulcers. , 1993, Decubitus.

[90]  T. Tintle,et al.  Prospective randomized study of the efficacy of hydrogel, hydrocolloid, and saline solution—moistened dressings on the management of pressure ulcers , 1993, Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society.

[91]  Yuhei Yamamoto,et al.  Superiority of the Fasciocutaneous Flap in Reconstruction of Sacral Pressure Sores , 1993, Annals of plastic surgery.

[92]  W. Eaglstein,et al.  Inhibition of cell proliferation by chronic wound fluid , 1993, Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society.

[93]  R. Sufit,et al.  A multicenter study on the use of pulsed low-intensity direct current for healing chronic stage II and stage III decubitus ulcers. , 1993, Archives of dermatology.

[94]  P. Manson,et al.  Hip Joint Communication with Pressure Sore: The Refractory Wound and the Role of Girdlestone Arthroplasty , 1993, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[95]  J. Grant-Kels,et al.  Diet and dermatology , 1993 .

[96]  D. M. Cooper,et al.  Definitions and guidelines for assessment of wounds and evaluation of healing. , 1994, Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society.

[97]  P. Manson,et al.  Surgical correction of pressure ulcers in an urban center: is it efficacious? , 1994, Advances in wound care : the journal for prevention and healing.

[98]  T. M. Anderson,et al.  Effects of different turn intervals on skin of healthy older adults. , 1994, Advances in wound care : the journal for prevention and healing.

[99]  R. Allman,et al.  Tissue repair processes in healing chronic pressure ulcers treated with recombinant platelet-derived growth factor BB. , 1994, The American journal of pathology.

[100]  R. Allman,et al.  A phase II study to evaluate recombinant platelet-derived growth factor-BB in the treatment of stage 3 and 4 pressure ulcers. , 1994, Archives of surgery.

[101]  P. Knipschild,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of ascorbic acid in the treatment of pressure ulcers. , 1995, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[102]  G. Taler,et al.  Assessing clinical efficacy of a hydrocolloid/alginate dressing on full-thickness pressure ulcers. , 1995, Ostomy/wound management.

[103]  A. Day,et al.  Managing sacral pressure ulcers with hydrocolloid dressings: results of a controlled, clinical study. , 1995, Ostomy/wound management.

[104]  Mulder Gd Cost-effective managed care: gel versus wet-to-dry for debridement. , 1995 .

[105]  T. Finucane Malnutrition, Tube Feeding and Pressure Sores: Data Are Incomplete , 1995, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[106]  B. Barrois,et al.  A survey of pressure sore prevalence in hospitals in the greater Paris region. , 1995, Journal of wound care.

[107]  S. Bohbot,et al.  Healing properties of calcium alginate dressings. , 1996, Journal of wound care.

[108]  R. Allman,et al.  Hospital‐Acquired Pressure Ulcers and Risk of Death , 1996, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[109]  You Chul Kim,et al.  Efficacy of hydrocolloid occlusive dressing technique in decubitus ulcer treatment: a comparative study. , 1996, Yonsei medical journal.

[110]  F. Gottrup,et al.  Reduced collagen accumulation after major surgery , 1996 .

[111]  Michael Seheiz,et al.  Allergic contact dermatitis from hydrocolloid dressings , 1996, Contact dermatitis.

[112]  C G Cayten,et al.  A new pressure ulcer risk assessment scale for individuals with spinal cord injury. , 1996, American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation.

[113]  D. Steed,et al.  Effect of extensive debridement and treatment on the healing of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic Ulcer Study Group. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[114]  I. K. Cohen,et al.  Wound fluids from human pressure ulcers contain elevated matrix metalloproteinase levels and activity compared to surgical wound fluids. , 1996, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[115]  D. Krasner,et al.  Wound Healing Scale, version 1.0: a proposal. , 1997, Advances in wound care : the journal for prevention and healing.

[116]  L. Argenta,et al.  Vacuum‐Assisted Closure: A New Method for Wound Control and Treatment: Animal Studies and Basic Foundation , 1997, Annals of plastic surgery.

[117]  T. K. Hunt,et al.  Wound healing and wound infection. What surgeons and anesthesiologists can do. , 1997, The Surgical clinics of North America.

[118]  T. K. Hunt,et al.  Wound tissue oxygen tension predicts the risk of wound infection in surgical patients. , 1997, Archives of surgery.

[119]  R. Foster,et al.  Flap selection as a determinant of success in pressure sore coverage. , 1997, Archives of surgery.

[120]  M. Robson,et al.  Wound Infection: A Failure of Wound Healing Caused by an Imbalance of Bacteria , 1997 .

[121]  L. Lipsitz,et al.  The risk factors and impact on survival of feeding tube placement in nursing home residents with severe cognitive impairment. , 1997, Archives of internal medicine.

[122]  L. Bolton,et al.  Quality wound care equals cost-effective wound care: a clinical model. , 1996, Advances in wound care : the journal for prevention and healing.

[123]  T. K. Hunt,et al.  Managing Bacterial Colonization and Infection , 1997 .

[124]  D. Thomas,et al.  The role of nutrition in prevention and healing of pressure ulcers. , 1997, Clinics in geriatric medicine.

[125]  J. Maklebust,et al.  Debridement: choices and challenges. , 1997, Advances in wound care : the journal for prevention and healing.

[126]  D. Thomas,et al.  Specific nutritional factors in wound healing. , 1997, Advances in wound care : the journal for prevention and healing.

[127]  W. G. Batte,et al.  Osteomyelitis of the pelvis/hips in paralyzed patients: accuracy and clinical utility of MRI. , 1998, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[128]  J. Hermans,et al.  Pressure sores and tube feeding in patients with a fracture of the hip: a randomized clinical trial. , 1998, Clinical nutrition.

[129]  K. Chang,et al.  Pressure ulcers--randomised controlled trial comparing hydrocolloid and saline gauze dressings. , 1998, The Medical journal of Malaysia.

[130]  E. Rabe,et al.  Contact sensitization in chronic venous insufficiency: modern wound dressings , 1998, Contact dermatitis.

[131]  T. Schoeller,et al.  Ischial pressure sore coverage: a rationale for flap selection. , 1998, British journal of plastic surgery.

[132]  M. Clark,et al.  Repositioning to prevent pressure sores--what is the evidence? , 1998, Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).

[133]  P. Goode,et al.  Acemannan hydrogel dressing versus saline dressing for pressure ulcers. A randomized, controlled trial. , 1998, Advances in wound care : the journal for prevention and healing.

[134]  D. Boudreau,et al.  Outcomes of 4 methods of debridement using a decision analysis methodology. , 1999, Advances in wound care : the journal for prevention and healing.

[135]  T. Sheldon,et al.  The debridement of chronic wounds: a systematic review. , 1999, Health technology assessment.

[136]  V Sahgal,et al.  Experimental wound healing with electrical stimulation. , 1999, Artificial organs.

[137]  W. Payne,et al.  Maintenance of wound bacterial balance. , 1999, American journal of surgery.

[138]  M. Robson,et al.  Becaplermin gel in the treatment of pressure ulcers: a phase II randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study , 1999, Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society.

[139]  D. Langemo,et al.  Prevalence, incidence, and prediction of pressure ulcers on a rehabilitation unit. , 1999, Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society.

[140]  E. A. Nelson,et al.  Systematic reviews of wound care management: (2). Dressings and topical agents used in the healing of chronic wounds. , 1999, Health technology assessment.

[141]  R. Frantz,et al.  Effect of electrical stimulation on chronic wound healing: a meta‐analysis , 1999, Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society.

[142]  G. Schultz,et al.  Analysis of the acute and chronic wound environments: the role of proteases and their inhibitors , 1999, Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society.

[143]  G. Rodeheaver Pressure ulcer debridement and cleansing: a review of current literature. , 1999, Ostomy/wound management.

[144]  D. M. Cooper,et al.  Ease of wound closure as an endpoint of treatment efficacy , 1999, Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society.

[145]  Jerry S. Vandeberg,et al.  Sequential cytokine therapy for pressure ulcers: clinical and mechanistic response. , 2000, Annals of surgery.

[146]  Brown Gs Reporting outcomes for stage IV pressure ulcer healing: a proposal. , 2000 .

[147]  O. Akca,et al.  Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[148]  S. Werner,et al.  Glucocorticoid-regulated gene expression during cutaneous wound repair. , 2000, Vitamins and hormones.

[149]  J. Dartigues,et al.  A multi-center trial of the effects of oral nutritional supplementation in critically ill older inpatients. GAGE Group. Groupe Aquitain Geriatrique d'Evaluation. , 2000, Nutrition.

[150]  W. Evans,et al.  Nutritional management in long-term care: development of a clinical guideline. Council for Nutritional Strategies in Long-Term Care. , 2000, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[151]  R. Rees,et al.  Role of Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor as an Adjunct to Surgery in the Management of Pressure Ulcers , 2000, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[152]  D. Keast,et al.  Preparing the wound bed--debridement, bacterial balance, and moisture balance. , 2000, Ostomy/wound management.

[153]  J. Stechmiller,et al.  Arginine supplementation is well tolerated but does not enhance mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in elderly nursing home residents with pressure ulcers. , 2000, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[154]  E. Joseph A new prospective randomized trial of Vacuum assisted closure versus standard therapy of chronic nonhealing wounds , 2000 .

[155]  B. Pomahac,et al.  Accelerated Healing of Full-Thickness Skin Wounds in a Wet Environment , 2000, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[156]  F. Gottrup Prevention of surgical-wound infections. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[157]  J. Richardson Diagnosis and management of systemic infections and fever in neurological patients. , 2000, Seminars in neurology.

[158]  T. Defloor [Less frequent turning intervals and yet less pressure ulcers]. , 2001, Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie.

[159]  D. Thomas Improving outcome of pressure ulcers with nutritional interventions: a review of the evidence. , 2001, Nutrition.

[160]  G. Xakellis,et al.  Cost and Cost Effectiveness of Venous and Pressure Ulcer Protocols of Care , 2001 .

[161]  J. Sehouli,et al.  Systematic review and meta-analysis of antibiotic therapy for bone and joint infections. , 2001, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[162]  D. G. Armstrong,et al.  Wound Microbiology and Associated Approaches to Wound Management , 2001, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[163]  W. Payne,et al.  Long-term outcome study of growth factor-treated pressure ulcers. , 2001, American journal of surgery.

[164]  L. Land,et al.  Topical negative pressure for treating chronic wounds. , 2001, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[165]  L. Ovington Hanging wet-to-dry dressings out to dry. , 2001, Home healthcare nurse.

[166]  M. Ignjatović [Wet wound healing]. , 2001, Vojnosanitetski pregled.

[167]  M. Ågren,et al.  Occlusion versus air exposure on full-thickness biopsy wounds. , 2001, Journal of wound care.

[168]  R. Rees,et al.  TGF-beta3 in the treatment of pressure ulcers: a preliminary report. , 2001, Advances in skin & wound care.

[169]  D. Muir,et al.  Ratios of activated matrix metalloproteinase‐9 to tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 in wound fluids are inversely correlated with healing of pressure ulcers , 2002, Wound Repair and Regeneration.

[170]  V. Falanga,et al.  Debridement performance index and its correlation with complete closure of diabetic foot ulcers , 2002, Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society.

[171]  R. Chintam,et al.  A database of self-reported secondary medical problems among VA spinal cord injury patients: its role in clinical care and management. , 2002, Journal of rehabilitation research and development.

[172]  Steve Williams,et al.  Interim Analysis of a Prospective, Randomized Trial of Vacuum-Assisted Closure Versus the Healthpoint System in the Management of Pressure Ulcers , 2002, Annals of plastic surgery.

[173]  V. L. Lewis,et al.  The Value of Jamshidi Core Needle Bone Biopsy in Predicting Postoperative Osteomyelitis in Grade IV Pressure Ulcer Patients , 2002, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[174]  C. M. Hill,et al.  Anaerobic cocci populating the deep tissues of chronic wounds impair cellular wound healing responses in vitro , 2003, The British journal of dermatology.

[175]  M. Tsokos,et al.  Autopsy-based assessment of extent and type of osteomyelitis in advanced-grade sacral decubitus ulcers: a histopathologic study. , 2003, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[176]  H. Heyman,et al.  A study to compare a new self-adherent soft silicone dressing with a self-adherent polymer dressing in stage II pressure ulcers. , 2003, Ostomy/wound management.

[177]  Katherine S. Virgo,et al.  Hemipelvectomy for severe decubitus ulcers in patients with previous spinal cord injury. , 2003, American journal of surgery.

[178]  M. Cesari,et al.  Topical Treatment of Pressure Ulcers with Nerve Growth Factor , 2003, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[179]  G. Pierer,et al.  VACUUM-ASSISTED WOUND CLOSURE FOR CHEAPER AND MORE COMFORTABLE HEALING OF PRESSURE SORES: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY , 2003, Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery and hand surgery.

[180]  K. Harding,et al.  Healing responses of skin and muscle in critical illness , 2003, Critical care medicine.

[181]  F. Gottrup,et al.  Abstinence From Smoking Reduces Incisional Wound Infection: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2003, Annals of surgery.

[182]  J. Milbrandt,et al.  Healing Pressure Ulcers with Collagen or Hydrocolloid: A Randomized, Controlled Trial , 2003, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[183]  B. Wall,et al.  Bacteremia In The Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Population: Risk Factors For Mortality , 2003, The journal of spinal cord medicine.

[184]  B. Munro,et al.  The cost and efficacy of two wound treatments. , 2003, AORN journal.

[185]  Thomas Mustoe,et al.  Understanding chronic wounds: a unifying hypothesis on their pathogenesis and implications for therapy. , 2004, American journal of surgery.

[186]  E. Mathus-Vliegen Old age, malnutrition, and pressure sores: an ill-fated alliance. , 2004, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[187]  E. Ayello,et al.  Debridement: Controlling the Necrotic/Cellular Burden , 2004, Advances in skin & wound care.

[188]  J. Cannon,et al.  Management of pressure ulcers. , 2004, American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.

[189]  E. Adang,et al.  Cost-effectiveness of an interdisciplinary intervention in geriatric inpatients to prevent malnutrition. , 2004, The journal of nutrition, health & aging.

[190]  A. O'Connor The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , 2004 .

[191]  Finn Gottrup,et al.  Oxygen in Wound Healing and Infection , 2004, World journal of surgery.

[192]  P. Kranke,et al.  Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic wounds. , 2004, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[193]  F. Gottrup,et al.  Surgical treatment of pressure ulcers. , 2004, American journal of surgery.

[194]  H. Brem,et al.  Protocol for the successful treatment of pressure ulcers. , 2004, American journal of surgery.

[195]  P. Roberson,et al.  Prognostic significance of monthly weight fluctuations among older nursing home residents. , 2004, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[196]  M. Molinari,et al.  Pressure sores and blood and serum dysmetabolism in spinal cord injury patients , 2004, Spinal Cord.

[197]  C. Trial,et al.  Use of High-Pressure Waterjets in Wound Debridement , 2004 .

[198]  F. Gottrup,et al.  Effect of smoking and abstention on oxidative burst and reactivity of neutrophils and monocytes. , 2004, Surgery.

[199]  H. Tk,et al.  Oxygen 2002: wounds. , 2004 .

[200]  M. Velasco,et al.  A comparative study of some anti-inflammatory drugs in wound healing of the rat , 1973, Experientia.

[201]  C. Bouza,et al.  Efficacy of advanced dressings in the treatment of pressure ulcers: a systematic review. , 2005, Journal of wound care.

[202]  Y. Tabata,et al.  Accelerated wound healing through the incorporation of basic fibroblast growth factor-impregnated gelatin microspheres into artificial dermis using a pressure-induced decubitus ulcer model in genetically diabetic mice. , 2005, British journal of plastic surgery.

[203]  Benjamin A Lipsky,et al.  Antibiotic treatment of osteomyelitis: what have we learned from 30 years of clinical trials? , 2005, International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.

[204]  P. Kranke,et al.  Systematic review of hyperbaric oxygen in the management of chronic wounds , 2005, The British journal of surgery.

[205]  M. Augustin,et al.  Enzymatic versus autolytic debridement of chronic leg ulcers: a prospective randomised trial. , 2005, Journal of wound care.

[206]  R. Murden,et al.  Recent weight loss is related to short-term mortality in nursing homes , 1994, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[207]  Jo C Dumville,et al.  Support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention. , 2010, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[208]  Hester Vermeulen,et al.  Topical negative pressure for treating chronic wounds. , 2015, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.