Modeling of the Cost of EV Battery Wear Due to V2G Application in Power Systems

This paper presents an analysis of the cost of utilizing battery electric vehicle (BEV) batteries as energy storage in power grids [also known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G)] associated with lessening battery cycle life due to more frequent charging and discharging activities and utilization in elevated ambient temperature. Comparison is made between V2G in the U.K., where annual electricity peak demand is reached in winter, and in China, where peak demand is reached in summer due to the air conditioning load. This paper presents mathematical correlations between charging-discharging, ambient temperature, depth of discharge (DoD), and the degradation of electric vehicle batteries based on manufacturer's data. Simulation studies were carried out for V2G in both the U.K. and China. Numerical results show that ambient temperature and DoD of a BEV battery play a crucial role in the cost of battery wear. Lead-acid and NiMH battery powered BEVs are not cost effective in V2G use due to the present electricity tariff. Under the present electricity tariff structure, no vehicles would be cost effective for the peak power sources in China. However, lithium-ion battery powered BEVs are cost effective in the U.K. due to a much longer cycle life.

[1]  Willett Kempton,et al.  ELECTRIC VEHICLES AS A NEW POWER SOURCE FOR ELECTRIC UTILITIES , 1997 .

[2]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Electric-drive vehicles for peak power in Japan , 2000 .

[3]  M. Wohlfahrt‐Mehrens,et al.  Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries , 2005 .

[4]  Saifur Rahman,et al.  Role of the electric vehicle as a distributed resource , 2000, 2000 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37077).

[5]  Guy Sarre,et al.  Aging of lithium-ion batteries , 2004 .

[6]  Herbert L Case,et al.  Correlation of Arrhenius behaviors in power and capacity fades with cell impedance and heat generation in cylindrical lithium-ion cells , 2003 .

[7]  S. Drouilhet,et al.  A Battery Life Prediction Method for Hybrid Power Applications Preprint , 1997 .

[8]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue , 2005 .

[9]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy , 2005 .

[10]  K. Kordesch,et al.  Effects of depth of discharge on the total energy transfer in near term batteries , 1984 .

[11]  D. G. Vutetakis,et al.  The effect of charge rate and depth of discharge on the cycle life of sealed lead-acid aircraft batteries , 1992, IEEE 35th International Power Sources Symposium.

[12]  Jean-Marie Tarascon,et al.  Performance of Bellcore's plastic rechargeable Li-ion batteries , 1996 .

[13]  L. Serrao,et al.  An aging model of Ni-MH batteries for hybrid electric vehicles , 2005, 2005 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[14]  Lawrence H. Thaller,et al.  A prediction model of the depth-of-discharge effect on the cycle life of a storage cell , 1987 .

[15]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Vehicle-to-Grid Power: Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles as Resources for Distributed Electric Power in California , 2001 .

[16]  R. D. Brost.  Performance of valve-regulated lead acid batteries in EV1 extended series strings , 1998, Thirteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference.