Identifying Factors of Integration for an Interoperable Government Portal: A Study in Indian Context

Interoperability is an important pre-condition for achieving higher stages of e-government and further ensures that a one stop portal will become a reality. Interoperability results from vertical and horizontal integration. The question arises: How can the level of interoperability and degree of integration be ascertained? This paper suggests a framework. It begins by identifying critical factors necessary for the successful adoption of interoperability technology along three dimensions of integration-process integration, communication integration, and data integration. Factors are formed from a literature review and discussions with webmasters and IT professionals working on portal development in various government departments of India. These factors are useful in further evaluation across the three dimensions and locate the position of a government portal in a technology adoption space. It is then possible to ascertain a portal's current level of integration sophistication.

[1]  Nikos Loutas,et al.  Semantic Interoperability Conflicts in Pan-European Public Services , 2007, ECIS.

[2]  Minder Chen,et al.  Factors affecting the adoption and diffusion of XML and Web services standards for E-business systems , 2003, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[3]  David Landsbergen,et al.  Realizing the Promise: Government Information Systems and the Fourth Generation of Information Technology , 2001 .

[4]  Florian Matthes,et al.  Building an integrated IT governance platform at the BMW Group , 2007, Int. J. Bus. Process. Integr. Manag..

[5]  Pnina Soffer,et al.  Facilitating flexibility in interorganisational processes: a conceptual model , 2008, Int. J. Bus. Process. Integr. Manag..

[6]  U. Kumar,et al.  International Journal of Electronic Government Research: Guest editorial preface , 2011 .

[7]  Andreas Abecker,et al.  Ontology-Enabled E-gov Service Configuration: An Overview of the OntoGov Project , 2004, KMGov.

[8]  Thomas J. Mowbray,et al.  The essential CORBA - systems integration using distributed objects , 1995 .

[9]  Houston H. Carr,et al.  Risk Analysis for Information Technology , 1991, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[10]  Sudha Ram,et al.  Semantic conflict resolution ontology (SCROL): an ontology for detecting and resolving data and schema-level semantic conflicts , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering.

[11]  Jungwoo Lee,et al.  Developing fully functional E-government: A four stage model , 2001, Gov. Inf. Q..

[12]  Sukumar Ganapati,et al.  The Wireless City , 2008, Int. J. Electron. Gov. Res..

[13]  Yi-Shun Wang,et al.  The adoption of electronic tax filing systems: an empirical study , 2003, Gov. Inf. Q..

[14]  Jeffrey W. Seifert,et al.  Do you know where your information is in the homeland security era? , 2004, Gov. Inf. Q..

[15]  Å. Grönlund.  Electronic Government: Design, Applications and Management , 2001 .

[16]  Andrew N. K. Chen,et al.  Strategies for effective Web services adoption for dynamic e-businesses , 2006, Decis. Support Syst..

[17]  Ralf Klischewski,et al.  Information Integration or Process Integration? How to Achieve Interoperability in Administration , 2004, EGOV.

[18]  Hans Jochen Scholl,et al.  Information Quality as a Common Ground for Key Players in e-Government Integration and Interoperability , 2006, Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'06).

[19]  Kelly D. Edmiston.  State And Local E-Government , 2003 .

[20]  G. Kannabiran,et al.  E-Governance and ICT Enabled Rural Development in Developing Countries: Critical Lessons from RASI Project in India , 2008, Int. J. Electron. Gov. Res..

[21]  Yining Chen,et al.  Electronic Government Implementation: A Comparison between Developed and Developing Countries , 2007, Int. J. Electron. Gov. Res..

[22]  Maddalena Sorrentino,et al.  Evaluating Local Partnership Incentive Policies: A Realist Approach , 2011, Int. J. Electron. Gov. Res..

[23]  Ephraim R. McLean,et al.  The DeLone and McLean Model of Information Systems Success: A Ten-Year Update , 2003, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[24]  Izak Benbasat,et al.  Electronic Data Interchange and Small Organizations: Adoption and Impact of Technology , 1995, MIS Q..

[25]  W. R. King,et al.  Decision Processes for Developing Strategic Applications of Information Systems: A Contingency Approach* , 1992 .

[26]  Dwayne D. Gremler.  The Critical Incident Technique in Service Research , 2004 .

[27]  Karen Coyle.  Open source, open standards , 2002 .

[28]  Paul T. Jaeger,et al.  User-centered e-government: Challenges and benefits for government Web sites , 2006, Gov. Inf. Q..

[29]  Efthimios Tambouris,et al.  Metadata for digital collections of e-government resources , 2007, Electron. Libr..

[30]  M. Wollschlaeger.  Planning, configuration and management of industrial communication networks using Internet technology , 1998, IEEE GLOBECOM 1998 (Cat. NO. 98CH36250).

[31]  Bram Klievink,et al.  Enhancing Visibility in International Supply Chains: The Data Pipeline Concept , 2012, Int. J. Electron. Gov. Res..

[32]  Murray E. Jennex,et al.  Digital Democracy: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications , 2012 .

[33]  Ingoo Han,et al.  The Impact of Customer Trust and Perception of Security Control on the Acceptance of Electronic Commerce , 2003, Int. J. Electron. Commer..

[34]  Ernani Marques dos Santos,et al.  Implementing Interoperability Standards for Electronic Government: An Exploratory Case Study of the E-PING Brazilian Framework , 2008, Int. J. Electron. Gov. Res..

[35]  Vincent Homburg,et al.  Diffusion of Personalized E-Government Services among Dutch Municipalities: An Empirical Investigation and Explanation , 2011, Int. J. Electron. Gov. Res..

[36]  Albert L. Lederer,et al.  Information Resource Planning: Overcoming Difficulties in Identifying Top Management's Objectives , 1987, MIS Q..

[37]  Luis Guijarro,et al.  Interoperability frameworks and enterprise architectures in e-government initiatives in Europe and the United States , 2007, Gov. Inf. Q..

[38]  G. Dickson,et al.  Organizational Characteristics and Information Systems: An Exploratory Investigation , 1982 .

[39]  Magid Igbaria,et al.  Determinants of intranet diffusion and infusion , 2001 .

[40]  Divesh Srivastava,et al.  Answering Queries with Aggregation Using Views , 1996, VLDB.

[41]  Michael J. Earl,et al.  Experiences in Strategic Information Systems Planning , 1993, MIS Q..

[42]  Aris M. Ouksel,et al.  A classification of semantic conflicts in heterogeneous database systems , 1995, J. Organ. Comput..

[43]  Jen-Ruei Fu,et al.  Determinants of taxpayers' adoption of electronic filing methods in Taiwan: An exploratory study , 2004 .

[44]  Sharon S. Dawes,et al.  Government Information Management: A Primer and Casebook , 1991 .

[45]  Soha Maad,et al.  Assessment of the potential use of grid portal features in e‐government , 2008 .

[46]  Dilip Kumar Sharma,et al.  AJAX in Development of Web-Based Architecture for Implementation of E-Governance , 2007, Int. J. Electron. Gov. Res..

[47]  Zaigham Mahmood,et al.  Developing E-Government Projects: Frameworks and Methodologies , 2013 .

[48]  Rob Davies,et al.  A semantic web service-based architecture for the interoperability of e-government services , 2005 .

[49]  T. Heintze,et al.  Information Technology and Restructuring in Public Organizations: Does Adoption of Information Technology Affect Organizational Structures, Communications, and Decision Making? , 2000 .

[50]  Jyoti Choudrie,et al.  Horizontal Process Integration in E-Government: The Perspective of a UK Local Authority , 2007, Int. J. Electron. Gov. Res..

[51]  D. Norris,et al.  Electronic Government at the Local Level , 2003 .

[52]  Stephen M. Mutula.  A Model for Building Trust in E-Government , 2011 .

[53]  Chi-Chun Lo,et al.  Reaching consensus: A moderated fuzzy web services discovery method , 2006, Inf. Softw. Technol..

[54]  Barbara Miller,et al.  Electronic Government, Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko, Ed. New York: Information Science Reference, 2008, 4, 780 pp. $1950.00, ISBN 978-1-59904-947-2. Online access only: $1850.00 , 2010, Gov. Inf. Q..

[55]  Michel C. A. Klein,et al.  The semantic web: yet another hip? , 2002, Data Knowl. Eng..

[56]  G. Garson.  Toward an information technology research agenda for public administration , 2003 .

[57]  Rajiv Sabherwal,et al.  The Alignment between Organizational Critical Success Factors and Information Technology Capability in Academic Institutions , 1994 .

[58]  Dimitris Gouscos,et al.  A general model of performance and quality for one-stop e-Government service offerings , 2007, Gov. Inf. Q..

[59]  Luis Guijarro,et al.  Semantic interoperability in eGovernment initiatives , 2009, Comput. Stand. Interfaces.

[60]  M. Brown,et al.  Learning Organizations in the Public Sector? A Study of Police Agencies Employing Information and Technology To Advance Knowledge. , 2003 .

[61]  David Lazer,et al.  Home (Page) Style: Determinates of the Quality of the House Members' Web Sites , 2005, Int. J. Electron. Gov. Res..

[62]  Patricia Diamond Fletcher,et al.  Local governments and IRM: Policy emerging from practice , 1997 .

[63]  I-Chiu Chang,et al.  An empirical study on the impact of quality antecedents on tax payers' acceptance of Internet tax-filing systems , 2005, Government Information Quarterly.

[64]  Andrew N. K. Chen,et al.  An XML Adoption Framework for Electronic Business , 2003, J. Electron. Commer. Res..

[65]  Alon Y. Halevy,et al.  Answering queries using views: A survey , 2001, The VLDB Journal.

[66]  Gordon B. Davis,et al.  User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View , 2003, MIS Q..

[67]  Petter Gottschalk,et al.  Maturity levels for interoperability in digital government , 2009, Gov. Inf. Q..

[68]  Te-Kai Liu,et al.  Performance modelling of a business process integration middleware , 2005, Int. J. Bus. Process. Integr. Manag..

[69]  Andrew Kakabadse,et al.  The Civic within the Democratic Project in the Digital Era , 2006 .

[70]  Amir Hossein Ghapanchi,et al.  Toward national e-government development models for developing countries: A nine-stage model , 2008 .

[71]  C. Demchak,et al.  Democracy and Bureaucracy in the Age of the Web , 2002 .

[72]  Henry C. Lucas,et al.  Influences on the corporate adoption of Web technology , 2000, CACM.

[73]  Luiz Antonio Joia,et al.  A Heuristic Model to Implement Government-to-Government Projects , 2007, Int. J. Electron. Gov. Res..

[74]  Cheng-Hsin Hsu,et al.  Ontology construction for information classification , 2006, Expert Syst. Appl..

[75]  H. Russell Johnston,et al.  Developing Capabilities to Use Information Strategically , 1988, MIS Q..

[76]  Shauneen Furlong,et al.  Applicability of autonomic computing to e‐government problems , 2008 .

[77]  Danilo Ardagna,et al.  Dynamic web service composition with QoS constraints , 2006, Int. J. Bus. Process. Integr. Manag..

[78]  Maria Wimmer,et al.  A European perspective towards online one-stop government: the eGOV project , 2002, Electron. Commer. Res. Appl..

[79]  M. J. Moon.  The Evolution of E-Government among Municipalities: Rhetoric or Reality? , 2002 .

[80]  Minder Chen,et al.  The Implications and Impacts of Web Services to Electronic Commerce Research and Practices , 2003, J. Electron. Commer. Res..

[81]  Detmar W. Straub,et al.  Discovering and Disciplining Computer Abuse in Organizations: A Field Study , 1990, MIS Q..

[82]  M. Picavet,et al.  Framework for managing intranet-based applications , 1999, 1999 7th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation. Proceedings ETFA '99 (Cat. No.99TH8467).

[83]  Liam Fahey,et al.  Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management , 2000 .

[84]  Hsiu-Fen Lin,et al.  Determinants of e-business diffusion: A test of the technology diffusion perspective , 2008 .

[85]  Matthew A. Jones,et al.  E-Government Website Development: Future Trends and Strategic Models , 2010 .

[86]  Sudha Ram,et al.  Information systems interoperability: What lies beneath? , 2004, TOIS.

[87]  James D. McKeen,et al.  New Developments in Practice II: Enterprise Application Integration , 2002, Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[88]  R. Banker,et al.  The Balanced Scorecard: Judgmental Effects of Performance Measures Linked to Strategy , 2004 .

[89]  Christopher G. Reddick,et al.  Factors that Explain the Perceived Effectiveness of E-Government: A Survey of United States City Government Information Technology Directors , 2009, Int. J. Electron. Gov. Res..

[90]  Angelo Corallo,et al.  Semantic web-based profiled knowledge discovery in community of practice , 2008, Int. J. Bus. Process. Integr. Manag..

[91]  Unpan.  Benchmarking E-government: A Global Perspective , 2022 .

[92]  Izak Benbasat,et al.  Impact of Organizational Maturity on Information System Skill Needs , 1980, MIS Q..

[93]  M. Chary,et al.  Social Equity, the Digital Divide and E-Governance: An Analysis of E-Governance Initiatives in India , 2011 .

[94]  S. Strover.  Rural internet connectivity , 2001 .

[95]  David C. Yen,et al.  E-Government: Evolving relationship of citizens and government, domestic, and international development , 2006, Gov. Inf. Q..

[96]  Ralf Klischewski,et al.  E-Government Integration and Interoperability: Framing the Research Agenda , 2007 .