Measurement Invariance in Cross-National Studies

The increasing availability of large international surveys with repeated cross sections or panel data has led to an enormous increase in the opportunities for social researchers to perform cross-national and/or longitudinal comparisons. Prominent examples are the European Social Survey (ESS), the International Social Survey Program (ISSP), the European Value Study (EVS), the World Value Survey (WVS), the European Household Panel Study (EHPS), the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), and the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). In all of these studies, scores on latent factors (such as human values, attitudes, opinions, or behavioral patterns) are included. These scores entail measurements of, for example, attitudes toward immigration or minorities, national identity, basic human values, gender roles, social and political trust, or well-being, just to name a few. In all of these studies, comparisons of countries at one or multiple points in time (i.e., a cross-sectional or longitudinal comparison) are possible.

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