Exploring new coordination scenarios for workflows in the Amsterdam Police Force

In this paper we discuss the value of simulation-games as organizational change instruments. We present a case where new information and communication technology is introduced in the Amsterdam Police Force to enhance coordination and communication in workflows like handling firearm criminality or handling youth criminality. Policemen have participated in 9 occurrences of a social simulation-game where they perform daily tasks and explore new coordination scenarios. From our action research study we conclude that simulation-games provide more detailed insight in coordination issues than oral participatory design discussions. Furthermore we discuss how simulation-games can serve different interests in the different phases (unfreeze-rebalance-move-freeze) of an organizational change process.

[1]  Richard L. Daft,et al.  Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design , 1986 .

[2]  Luther Gulick,et al.  Papers on the science of administration , 1938 .

[3]  H. Klein,et al.  Information systems research: contemporary approaches and emergent traditions , 1991 .

[4]  L.I.A. de Caluwe,et al.  Gaming: Organisatieverandering met spelsimulaties , 1996 .

[5]  Jakob E. Bardram,et al.  Organizational prototyping: adopting CSCW applications in organizations , 1997, SIGG.

[6]  Gert-Jan de Vreede,et al.  Collaborative Business Engineering with Animated Electronic Meetings , 1997, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[7]  Starr Roxanne Hiltz,et al.  Case and field studies of group support systems: an empirical assessment , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[8]  Robert E. Kraut,et al.  Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technological Foundations of Cooperative Work , 1990 .

[9]  Cathy S. Greenblat,et al.  Designing Games and Simulations: An Illustrated Handbook , 1987 .

[10]  Marshall W. van Alstyne,et al.  The State of Network Organization: A Survey in Three Frameworks , 1997, J. Organ. Comput. Electron. Commer..

[11]  M. Abel Experiences in an exploratory distributed organization , 1990 .

[12]  K. Lewin Field theory in social science , 1951 .

[13]  Jonathan Grudin,et al.  Why CSCW applications fail: problems in the design and evaluationof organizational interfaces , 1988, CSCW '88.

[14]  B. J. van den Hooff,et al.  Incorporating electronic mail: Adoption, use and effects of electronic mail in organizations , 1997 .

[15]  Gerardine DeSanctis,et al.  A foundation for the study of group decision support systems , 1987 .

[16]  J. V. Aken Strategievorming en organisatiestructurering : organisatiekunde vanuit ontwerpperspectief , 1994 .

[17]  Jacky Swan,et al.  Facilitating knowledge creation with GroupWare: a case study of a knowledge intensive firm , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[18]  Ilze Zigurs,et al.  Paradoxes and Prerogatives in Global Virtual Collaboration , 2001, CACM.

[19]  Peter Checkland,et al.  Systems Thinking, Systems Practice , 1981 .

[20]  Debra Howcroft,et al.  Doctors on the Net: are GPS ready for the Information Superhighway? , 1999, ECIS.

[21]  David Coleman,et al.  Groupware: Collaborative Strategies for Corporate LANs and Intranets , 1997 .

[22]  K. Weick Making Sense of the Organization , 2000 .

[23]  Stewart Clegg,et al.  Handbook of organization studies , 1997 .

[24]  Karl E. Keick Cosmos vs. chaos: Sense and nonsense in electronic contexts , 1985 .

[25]  Michael S. Scott Morton Reshaping the Corporation for the Future: Managing the Organizational Challenge Successfully , 1992 .

[26]  Jacob E. Bardram Collaboration, Coordination and Computer Support: An Activity Theoretical Approach to the Design of Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Ph.D. Thesis , 1998 .

[27]  R. R. Meinsma Decision Support in Business Environments , 1997 .

[28]  M. Lynne Markus,et al.  Why CSCW applications fail: problems in the adoption of interdependent work tools , 1990, CSCW '90.

[29]  Ronald E. Rice,et al.  Relating Electronic Mail Use and Network Structure to R&D Work Networks and Performance , 1994, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[30]  R. Daft,et al.  Information Richness. A New Approach to Managerial Behavior and Organization Design , 1983 .

[31]  Henry Mintzberg,et al.  Structure in Fives: Designing Effective Organizations , 1983 .

[32]  Kevin Crowston,et al.  The interdisciplinary study of coordination , 1994, CSUR.

[33]  L.I.A. de Caluwé Veranderen moet je leren: Een evaluatiestudie naar de opzet en effecten van een grootschalige cultuurinterventie met behulp van een spelsimulatie , 1997 .

[34]  Karen S. Nantz,et al.  Incorporating Electronic Mail into the Business Communication Course , 1995 .

[35]  Susan G. Straus,et al.  Does the medium matter? The interaction of task type and technology on group performance and member reactions. , 1994, The Journal of applied psychology.

[36]  Martha Haywood Managing Virtual Teams , 1998 .

[37]  G. D. Vreede Facilitating Organizational Change: The Participative Application of Dynamic Modelling , 1995 .

[38]  Jakob E. Bardram,et al.  “I love the system—I just don't use it!” , 1997, GROUP.

[39]  Sue Newell,et al.  Limits of IT-driven knowledge management initiatives for interactive innovation processes: towards a community-based approach , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[40]  J. van Laere,et al.  Coordinating distributed work: Exploring situated coordination with gaming-simulation , 2003 .

[41]  Ziqi Liao,et al.  An empirical study on organizational acceptance of new information systems in a commercial bank environment , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[42]  J. Boonstra,et al.  Dynamics of organizational change and learning , 2004 .

[43]  J. D. Johannes,et al.  Systems Simulation: The Art and Science , 1975, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[44]  Jonny Holmström,et al.  "It's as if Somebody Slammed the Door" On the Limits of Organisational Change around Information Technology , 1999, ECIS.

[45]  K. Weick,et al.  Organizational change and development. , 1999, Annual review of psychology.

[46]  W. Bockstael-Blok Chains and Networks in Multimodal Passenger Transport: Exploring a design approach , 2001 .

[47]  Arthur D. Shulman,et al.  Putting Group Information Technology in its Place: Communication and Good Work Group Performance , 1999 .

[48]  Henk Sol,et al.  Simulation in information systems development. , 1982 .

[49]  Sajda Qureshi,et al.  Adaptiveness in Virtual Teams: Organisational Challenges and Research Directions , 2001 .

[50]  Wanda J. Orlikowski,et al.  Learning from Notes: organizational issues in groupware implementation , 1992, CSCW '92.

[51]  J. March,et al.  Handbook of organizations , 1966 .

[52]  Gerardine DeSanctis,et al.  Capturing the Complexity in Advanced Technology Use: Adaptive Structuration Theory , 1994 .

[53]  Joeri van Laere,et al.  Designing Intra-Organisational Distributed Coordination at the Amsterdam Police Force: The Application of Gaming as a Tool to Facilitate Technology-Use Mediation , 2000 .

[54]  JoAnne Yates,et al.  Helping CSCW Applications Succeed: The Role of Mediators in the Context of Use , 1995, Inf. Soc..

[55]  Robert M. Davison,et al.  How a silver bullet may lose its shine , 2003, CACM.

[56]  J. Nunamaker,et al.  Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences , 1999 .

[57]  A. Toffler Future shock. , 2004, Nature.