Cardiovascular Psychophysiology: A Perspective
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1 Introduction.- 2 Some Elements of Cardiovascular and Renal Physiology.- I. Introduction.- II. The Innervations and Catecholamines.- III. The Exercise Response-Mechanisms of a Fundamental Cardiovascular Adjustment.- A. General Commentary.- B. The Cardiac Output.- 1. The Heart Rate.- 2. The Stroke Volume.- 3. Cardiac Contractility.- 4. Summary.- C. Regional Blood Flow.- IV. Some Aspects of Blood Pressure Control.- A. Diastolic Blood Pressure.- B. Systolic Blood Pressure.- C. The Role of the Cardiac Output.- D. Summary of Blood Pressure Control.- V. Renal Physiology-A Brief Overview.- VI. Summary.- 3 The Cardiac-Somatic Relationship.- I. Introduction.- II. Paradoxical Heart Rate Changes.- III. Classical Conditioning-The Behavioral Strategy.- IV. The Role of the Innervations.- V. Cardiac-Somatic Covariation.- A. Initial Studies with Dogs.- B. Human Studies.- VI. Commentary.- A. The Cardiac-Somatic Hypothesis.- B. Other Psychophysiological Data.- VII. Summary.- 4 Cardiac-Somatic Uncoupling.- I. Introduction.- II. Phasic Sympathetic Effects.- III. Tonic Sympathetic Effects and Active Coping.- IV. Other Stimulus Parameters.- V. Individual Differences and Base Level Effects.- VI. ss-Adrenergic Reactivity-Metabolic Relevance.- VII. Summary.- 5 Hypertension-The Symptom and a Hemodynamic Model.- I. Introduction.- II. Blood Pressure-The Symptom.- III. Blood Pressure Control in Hypertension.- A. Hemodynamics in Borderline Hypertension.- B. ss-Adrenergic Influences in Borderline Hypertension...- C. The Transition Mechanism.- D. Blood Pressure as a Predictor and the Lability Problem.- E. The Hemodynamic Model-Counterarguments.- IV. Summary.- 6 Hypertension-Behavioral Influences.- I. Introduction.- II. ss-Adrenergic Influences on BP.- A. Systolic Blood Pressure.- B. Diastolic Blood Pressure Effects.- C. Other Observations and Comments.- III. Behaviorally Evoked Adrenergic Hyperreactivity: A Precursor of Hypertension?.- A. Individual Differences, Base Level Effects, and Relationship to Heart Rate Reactivity.- B. Family History Data.- C. Another Issue and Some Observations.- D. Summary.- IV. Some Other Thoughts and Asides.- A. Diastolic Blood Pressure and Vascular Reactivity.- B. Hypertension and the Kidney.- C. On Individual Differences.- D. "The" Cause of Hypertension.- E. The Behavioral-Biological Strategy.- V. Summary.- A. Problems with the Symptomatic Approach in Treatment.- B. Treatment-Prevention and the Mechanisms.- 7 Some Asides and Other Issues.- I. On the Measurement of Myocardial Performance.- A. Rate of Change Measures.- B. Time Intervals.- C. T-Wave Amplitude.- D. Discussion and Summary.- II. Cardiovascular Indices of Behavioral States.- A. Phasic Heart Rate.- B. Tonic Heart Rate.- C. Phasic and Tonic Blood Pressure.- D. Discussion and Summary.- III. Active-Passive Coping.- A. Mobilization vs. Immobilization.- B. Some Reservations and Questions.- C. Summary.- IV. Cardiac-Somatic Formulation-Some Inconsistencies.- References.