Sensitive molecular diagnostics using surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS)

Surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) is an analytical technique with several advantages over competitive techniques in terms of improved sensitivity and multiplexing. We have made great progress in the development of SERRS as a quantitative analytical method, in particular for the detection of DNA. SERRS is an extremely sensitive and selective technique which when applied to the detection of labelled DNA sequences allows detection limits to be obtained which rival, and in most cases, are better than fluorescence. Here the conditions are explored which will enable the successful detection of DNA using SERRS. The enhancing surface which is used is crucial and in this case suspensions of nanoparticles were used as they allow quantitative behaviour to be achieved and allow analogous systems to current fluorescence based systems to be made. The aggregation conditions required to obtain SERRS of DNA are crucial and herein we describe the use of spermine as an aggregating agent. The nature of the label which is used, be it fluorescent, positively or negatively charged also effects the SERRS response and these conditions are again explored here. We have clearly demonstrated the ability to identify the components of a mixture of 5 analytes in solution by using two different excitation wavelengths and also of a 6-plex using data analysis techniques. These conditions will allow the use of SERRS for the detection of target DNA in a meaningful diagnostic assay.

[1]  Duncan Graham,et al.  Multiplexed detection of six labelled oligonucleotides using surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS). , 2008, The Analyst.

[2]  D. Meisel,et al.  Adsorption and surface-enhanced Raman of dyes on silver and gold sols , 1982 .

[3]  Liming Ying,et al.  Ultrasensitive coincidence fluorescence detection of single DNA molecules. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[4]  P. White,et al.  Characterization of the Surface of a Citrate-Reduced Colloid Optimized for Use as a Substrate for Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering , 1995 .

[5]  W. Smith,et al.  Synthesis of a benzotriazole azo dye phosphoramidite for labelling of oligonucleotides , 2003 .

[6]  D. Kell,et al.  Metabolomics by numbers: acquiring and understanding global metabolite data. , 2004, Trends in biotechnology.

[7]  W. Smith,et al.  SERRS detection of PNA and DNA labelled with a specifically designed benzotriazole azo dye , 2001 .

[8]  Johanna Smeyers-Verbeke,et al.  Handbook of Chemometrics and Qualimetrics: Part A , 1997 .

[9]  M. Edmondson,et al.  Surface-enhanced resonance-Raman scattering: an informative probe of surfaces , 1996 .

[10]  Duncan Graham,et al.  Simple multiplex genotyping by surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[11]  M. Fleischmann,et al.  Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode , 1974 .

[12]  Tuan Vo-Dinh,et al.  Surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 using a silver-coated microarray platform , 2002 .

[13]  R. P. Duyne,et al.  Surface enhanced raman and resonance raman spectroscopy in a non-aqueous electrochemical environment: Tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) adsorbed on silver from acetonitrile , 1983 .

[14]  C. Mirkin,et al.  Nanoparticles with Raman spectroscopic fingerprints for DNA and RNA detection. , 2002, Science.

[15]  Steven R. Emory,et al.  Probing Single Molecules and Single Nanoparticles by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering , 1997, Science.

[16]  Duncan Graham,et al.  SERRS as a more sensitive technique for the detection of labelled oligonucleotides compared to fluorescence. , 2004, The Analyst.

[17]  Bryan F. J. Manly,et al.  Multivariate Statistical Methods : A Primer , 1986 .

[18]  L. Marton,et al.  The interaction of spermine and pentamines with DNA. , 1987, The Biochemical journal.

[19]  Duncan Graham,et al.  Evaluation of surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering for quantitative DNA analysis. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[20]  P. Hildebrandt,et al.  Surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy of Rhodamine 6G adsorbed on colloidal silver , 1984 .

[21]  David E. Booth,et al.  Chemometrics: Data Analysis for the Laboratory and Chemical Plant , 2004, Technometrics.

[22]  A. J. Collins,et al.  Introduction To Multivariate Analysis , 1981 .

[23]  T. Vo‐Dinh,et al.  Surface-enhanced Raman gene probe for HIV detection. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[24]  K. Faulds,et al.  Evaluation of the number of modified bases required for quantitative SERRS from labelled DNA. , 2007, The Analyst.

[25]  D. Whitcombe,et al.  Surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS)--a first example of its use in multiplex genotyping. , 2001, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[26]  R. Dasari,et al.  Single Molecule Detection Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) , 1997 .

[27]  W. Smith,et al.  Quantitative simultaneous multianalyte detection of DNA by dual-wavelength surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[28]  P. White,et al.  Qualitative and semi-quantitative trace analysis of acidic monoazo dyes by surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering , 1995 .

[29]  Duncan Graham,et al.  Quantitative enhanced Raman scattering of labeled DNA from gold and silver nanoparticles. , 2007, Small.