A simple filtered photodiode instrument for continuous measurement of narrowband NDVI and PRI over vegetated canopies

Abstract Recent advances in understanding relationships between spectral reflectance of vegetation canopies and the structural and physiological drivers of canopy-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange highlight the potential for using narrowband spectral vegetation indices to spatially scale CO 2 fluxes beyond the area of a tower footprint. However, ground reference observations of narrowband spectral reflectance in support of satellite observations can be challenging to obtain because (1) automated sampling of both upwelling and downwelling radiation is required over extended time periods to characterize diurnal and seasonal variability, (2) hyperspectral spectroradiometer data and hardware can be sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature and moisture, and (3) hyperspectral spectroradiometers are expensive, greatly limiting prospects for widespread automated sampling. We have therefore developed the QuadPod: a simple, lightweight, relatively low cost and low power sensor capable of continuously measuring upwelling and downwelling radiation in 10 nm wavebands centered at 532 nm, 568 nm, 676 nm, and 800 nm. QuadPod measurements can be combined to calculate spectral reflectance indices (e.g., the photochemical reflectance index, PRI; and the normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI) useful for modeling canopy-atmosphere carbon exchange. The basic QuadPod instrument design described here can be implemented using any combination of optical filters in order to calculate other spectral vegetation indices.