Epidemiology of prostate cancer

than in most western countries. The literature on modifiable risk factors has continued to expand rapidly. Peisch et al. (10.1007/s00345-016-1914-3) review diet and lifestyle risk factors—focusing in particular on exercise and smoking cessation—as important determinants of both prostate cancer specific and overall health outcomes. Stopsack et al. (10.1007/s00345-016-1912-5) critique the literature on the effects of metformin, statins, and other medications on prostate cancer risk, and Albanes et al. (10.1007/ s00345-016-1878-3) provide a deep dive into the impacts of vitamins and other micronutrients. Finally, Nordström et al. (10.1007/s00345-016-1907-2) offer a commentary on one possible evolution in prostate cancer screening policy, based on the innovative STHLM-3 trial. We hope these articles will be of great interest to the Journal’s readership, and will help stimulate the next generation of research into the genetic and environmental determinants of prostate cancer risk and mortality. Through a better understanding of both how and why prostate cancer epidemiology varies so greatly, we will gain deeper insights into the disease’s biology, to the eventual benefit of at-risk men around the world.