Partisan Media Exposure and Attitudes Toward the Opposition

How has the rise of partisan media outlets changed how citizens perceive the other party? In particular, does watching partisan news sources make citizens dislike and distrust the other party? Drawing on social identity theory, I explain how the slanted presentation of the news on partisan outlets leads viewers to perceive the other party more negatively, to trust them less, and to be less supportive of bipartisanship. Using a series of original experiments, I find strong support for my arguments. I conclude by discussing the normative and empirical implications of these findings.[Supplementary material is available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Political Communication for the following free supplemental resource(s): full details of the experiments, including descriptions of the samples, protocol, and text of the stimuli, results of manipulation checks, the replication of experiment 2 described in the text, and additional statistical results.]

[1]  D. Wigboldus,et al.  Social comparison and Group-based emotions , 2005 .

[2]  S. Deb In the echo chamber , 2003 .

[3]  Neil Malhotra,et al.  Electoral incentives and partisan conflict in congress: Evidence from survey experiments , 2011 .

[4]  Daniel Romer,et al.  The Effectiveness of the Press in Serving the Needs of American Democracy , 2007 .

[5]  Vincent Price,et al.  SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION AND PUBLIC OPINION EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATING GROUP CONFLICT , 1989 .

[6]  H. Tajfel Experiments in intergroup discrimination. , 1970 .

[7]  Eliot R. Smith,et al.  Changing categorization of self can change emotions about outgroups , 2008 .

[8]  Diana C. Mutz,et al.  The New Videomalaise: Effects of Televised Incivility on Political Trust , 2005, American Political Science Review.

[9]  Krista N. Jenkins,et al.  Book Section: Essay and Review: Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America , 2005 .

[10]  M. Prior,et al.  Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes Elections , 2003 .

[11]  Arthur H. Miller,et al.  Political Parties and Confidence in Government: A Comparison of Norway, Sweden and the United States , 1990, British Journal of Political Science.

[12]  J. Bowen War Stories , 2006 .

[13]  J. Berry,et al.  From Incivility to Outrage: Political Discourse in Blogs, Talk Radio, and Cable News , 2011 .

[14]  W. Bennett,et al.  A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication , 2008 .

[15]  M. Baum,et al.  Barbarians Inside the Gates: Partisan New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse , 2007 .

[16]  M. Hogg,et al.  Attitudes, behavior, and social context: The role of norms and group membership in social influence processes , 2000 .

[17]  D. Dolinski,et al.  Social Influence , 2007 .

[18]  D. Mackie,et al.  The Impact of Group Membership on Persuasion: Revisiting "Who Says What to Whom With What Effect?" , 1999 .

[19]  Mattias Polborn,et al.  Political Polarization and the Electoral Effects of Media Bias , 2006, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[20]  Leila T. Worth,et al.  Processing of persuasive in-group messages. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[21]  L. Berkowitz,et al.  External validity is more than skin deep: Some answers to criticisms of laboratory experiments. , 1982 .

[22]  Morris P. Fiorina Extreme Voices: A Dark Side of Civic Engagement , 2008 .

[23]  Richard R. Lau,et al.  Two Explanations for Negativity Effects in Political Behavior , 1985 .

[24]  A. Shleifer,et al.  The Market for News , 2003 .

[25]  K. Vohs,et al.  Case Western Reserve University , 1990 .

[26]  S. Greene Understanding Party Identification: A Social Identity Approach , 1999 .

[27]  L. Huddy From Social to Political Identity: A Critical Examination of Social Identity Theory , 2001 .

[28]  C. Funk Bringing the Candidate into Models of Candidate Evaluation , 1999, The Journal of Politics.

[29]  William Allen,et al.  The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness , 1953 .

[30]  M. Brewer The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time , 1991 .

[31]  D. Torgerson,et al.  Understanding controlled trials: What is a patient preference trial? , 1998, BMJ.

[32]  S. Worchel,et al.  The Social psychology of intergroup relations , 1979 .

[33]  D. Mackie Social identification effects in group polarization. , 1986 .

[34]  T. J. Reynolds,et al.  Confirmation and the Effects of Valenced Political Advertising: A Field Experiment , 2008 .

[35]  Brian Mullen,et al.  Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status: An integration , 1992 .

[36]  Diana C. Mutz Effects of “In-Your-Face” Television Discourse on Perceptions of a Legitimate Opposition , 2007, American Political Science Review.

[37]  M. Schudson The objectivity norm in American journalism* , 2001 .

[38]  N. Stroud Polarization and Partisan Selective Exposure , 2010 .

[39]  Charles S. Taber,et al.  Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs , 2006 .

[40]  Marc Donner,et al.  War Stories , 2009, IEEE Security & Privacy Magazine.

[41]  David B. Magleby,et al.  The Myth of the Independent Voter , 1992 .

[42]  Dennis F. Thompson,et al.  The Mindsets of Political Compromise , 2010, Perspectives on Politics.

[43]  Diana C. Mutz How the Mass Media Divide Us , 2006 .

[44]  Camilla Gjerde Losers’ Consent , 2006 .

[45]  Kyu S. Hahn,et al.  Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use , 2009 .

[46]  D. Green,et al.  Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identities of Voters , 2002 .

[47]  Laurel S. Gleason,et al.  A New Era of Minimal Effects? A Response to Bennett and Iyengar , 2010 .

[48]  Kenneth A. Schultz The Politics of Risking Peace: Do Hawks or Doves Deliver the Olive Branch? , 2005, International Organization.

[49]  M. Fiorina,et al.  Culture War?: The Myth of a Polarized America , 2004 .

[50]  C. I. Hovland,et al.  The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness , 1951 .

[51]  James J. Heckman,et al.  Assessing the Case for Social Experiments , 1995 .

[52]  M. Levi,et al.  Political Trust and Trustworthiness , 2000 .

[53]  Anthony Leiserowitz,et al.  Climate on Cable , 2012 .

[54]  Angus Campbell,et al.  The American voter , 1960 .

[55]  H. Tajfel,et al.  An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. , 1979 .

[56]  L. Keele The Authorities Really Do Matter: Party Control and Trust in Government , 2005 .

[57]  James N. Druckman,et al.  Candidate Strategies to Prime Issues and Image , 2004, The Journal of Politics.

[58]  Henry E. Brady,et al.  Attitude Attribution: A Group Basis for Political Reasoning , 1985, American Political Science Review.