Origin of phoneme substitution and phoneme movement errors in aphasia

Despite a general consensus about the lexical-phonological origin of phonological errors, a debate persists concerning a single or multiple origins of such errors. In particular, a similar post-lexical origin has been attributed to milder phonological paraphasias, such as phoneme substitution errors, and to normal slips of the tongue. However, most slips of the tongue have a contextual origin, while most phonological paraphasias are not contextual errors. Here we explore the possibility that even at post-lexical encoding levels different errors are generated by distinct processes. We take advantage of the production of an unusual proportion of within-word phoneme movement errors in a patient with conduction aphasia (SJ) and tackle the question of their origin in comparison to phoneme substitution errors. Error properties relative to phoneme substitution and phoneme movement errors produced by SJ were analysed and compared with those of a second patient (GF) who produced a similar proportion of substitution errors but no movement errors. Very similar profiles between the two patients emerged on substitution errors, while phoneme movement errors displayed different properties. The observation that substitution and movement errors are not affected by the same factors favours a different origin of these errors. The sub-lexical frequency and similarity effects and the lexical bias in substitution errors indicate an interaction between multiple encoding levels during the production of these errors; by contrast, movement errors seem related to a different and independent process bearing no interaction with other levels of representation.

[1]  S. Shattuck-Hufnagel The role of word structure in segmental serial ordering , 1992, Cognition.

[2]  S. Valdois Internal Structure of Two Consonant Clusters , 1990 .

[3]  Cristina Romani,et al.  Localizing the deficit in a case of jargonaphasia , 2007, Cognitive neuropsychology.

[4]  Nadine Martin Eleanor M. Saffran Language and Auditory-verbal Short-term Memory Impairments: Evidence for Common Underlying Processes , 1997 .

[5]  Marianne Regard,et al.  Children's Production on Verbal and Non-Verbal Fluency Tasks , 1982, Perceptual and motor skills.

[6]  Monique Radeau,et al.  VoCoLex : une base de donnes lexicales sur les similarits phonologiques entre les mots franais , 2002 .

[7]  P. Osterrieth,et al.  Le test de copie d'une figure complexe; contribution à l'étude de la perception et de la mémoire. , 1944 .

[8]  F X Alario,et al.  A set of 400 pictures standardized for French: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, visual complexity, image variability, and age of acquisition , 1999, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[9]  A. Ellis Progress in the psychology of language , 1985 .

[10]  S. Kohn,et al.  Distinctions between two phonological output deficits , 1994, Applied Psycholinguistics.

[11]  Nadine Martin,et al.  Specifying the nature of the production impairment in a conductionxs aphasic: A case study , 1987 .

[12]  Alfonso Caramazza,et al.  The role of the (output) phonological buffer in reading, writing, and repetition , 1986 .

[13]  M. Schwartz,et al.  ORIGINS OF NONWORD PHONOLOGICAL ERRORS IN APHASIC PICTURE NAMING , 2004, Cognitive neuropsychology.

[14]  Katherine L. Smith,et al.  Serial effects of phonemic planning during word production. , 1995 .

[15]  B. Rapp,et al.  Lexical and post-lexical phonological representations in spoken production , 2007, Cognition.

[16]  Gary S. Dell,et al.  Inner speech slips exhibit lexical bias, but not the phonemic similarity effect , 2008, Cognition.

[17]  T Shallice,et al.  THE SELECTIVE IMPAIRMENT OF THE PHONOLOGICAL OUTPUT BUFFER , 2000, Cognitive neuropsychology.

[18]  Willem J. M. Levelt,et al.  A theory of lexical access in speech production , 1999, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[19]  C. Ludlow,et al.  Manual of Nerve Conduction Velocity and Clinical Neurophysiology, 3rd Ed. , 1994, Neurology.

[20]  Rosaleen A. McCarthy,et al.  Experimental Investigations of an Impairment in , 1996 .

[21]  David Caplan,et al.  The role of abstract phonological representations in word production: Evidence from phonemic paraphasias , 1990, Journal of Neurolinguistics.

[22]  F. Alario,et al.  On the locus of the syllable frequency effect in speech production , 2006 .

[23]  A. Jacobs,et al.  Patterns of phoneme and syllable frequency in jargon aphasia , 2005, Brain and Language.

[24]  Marina Laganaro,et al.  Syllable frequency effect in speech production: evidence from aphasia , 2005, Journal of Neurolinguistics.

[25]  P. Osterrieth Le test de copie d'une figure complexe , 1944 .

[26]  R. Mccarthy,et al.  Experimental investigations of an impairment in phonological encoding , 1996 .

[27]  G S Dell,et al.  A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. , 1986, Psychological review.

[28]  A. Healy,et al.  The roles of phoneme frequency, similarity, and availability in the experimental elicitation of speech errors , 1985 .

[29]  Gary S. Dell,et al.  The retrieval of phonological forms in production: tests of predictions from a connectionist model , 1988 .

[30]  Hassan R. Abd-El-Jawad,et al.  The unfolding of suprasegmental representations: a cross-linguistic perspective , 1996, Journal of Linguistics.

[31]  Wolfram Ziegler,et al.  Syllable frequency and syllable structure in the spontaneous speech production of patients with apraxia of speech , 2008 .

[32]  Janis Melvold,et al.  The preservation of sonority in the context of impaired lexical-phonological output , 1998 .

[33]  T. Berg A structural account of phonological paraphasias , 2006, Brain and Language.

[34]  C. Romani,et al.  Syllabic Constraints in the Phonological Errors of an Aphasic Patient , 1998, Brain and Language.

[35]  Mario Rossi,et al.  Lapis linguae: Word errors or phonological errors? , 1995 .

[36]  Marina Laganaro,et al.  Is there a syllable frequency effect in aphasia or in apraxia of speech or both? , 2008 .

[37]  S. Kohn,et al.  Between-word speech errors in conduction aphasia , 1990 .

[38]  D. G. MacKay,et al.  Output editing for lexical status in artificially elicited slips of the tongue , 1975 .

[39]  Gary S. Dell,et al.  Positive Feedback in Hierarchical Connectionist Models: Applications to Language Production , 1988, Cogn. Sci..

[40]  Boris New,et al.  Une base de données lexicales du français contemporain sur internet: LEXIQUE , 2001 .

[41]  M. Vitevitch,et al.  The neighborhood characteristics of malapropisms. , 1996, Language and speech.

[42]  S. Blumstein,et al.  Production deficits in aphasia: A voice-onset time analysis , 1980, Brain and Language.

[43]  C. Wilshire Where do aphasic phonological errors come from? Evidence from phoneme movement errors in picture naming , 2002 .

[44]  Chris Code,et al.  Models, theories and heuristics in apraxia of speech , 1998 .

[45]  W. Levelt,et al.  Do speakers have access to a mental syllabary? , 1994, Cognition.

[46]  Brian Butterworth,et al.  Disorders of phonological encoding , 1992, Cognition.

[47]  Nick Miller,et al.  Dual or duel route , 2001 .

[48]  A. Idrissi,et al.  The Mental Representation of Semitic Words , 2000, Linguistic Inquiry.

[49]  B. Baars,et al.  TOWARD VERIFYING THE ASSUMPTIONS OF LABORATORY‐INDUCED SLIPS OF THE TONGUE: THE OUTPUT‐ERROR AND EDITING ISSUES , 1981 .

[50]  Sandra P. Whiteside,et al.  What is the underlying impairment in acquired apraxia of speech , 2001 .

[51]  M. Schlossberg The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and Clinical Interpretation. , 1986 .

[52]  Wendy Best,et al.  When Racquets Are Baskets But Baskets Are Biscuits, Where Do the Words Come From ? A Single Case Study of Formal Paraphasic Errors in Aphasia , 1996 .

[53]  Michael S Vitevitch,et al.  The influence of phonological similarity neighborhoods on speech production. , 2002, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[54]  Wolfram Ziegler,et al.  Syllable frequency and syllable structure in apraxia of speech , 2004, Brain and Language.

[55]  Les lapsus, ou, Comment notre fourche a langué , 1998 .

[56]  T. Hartley,et al.  A Linguistically Constrained Model of Short-Term Memory for Nonwords ☆ , 1996 .

[57]  Gary S. Dell,et al.  Stages in sentence production: An analysis of speech error data , 1981 .

[58]  F Lhermitte,et al.  Phonemic paraphasias: linguistic structures and tentative hypothesis. , 1969, Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior.

[59]  J. Gordon Phonological neighborhood effects in aphasic speech errors: spontaneous and structured contexts , 2002, Brain and Language.

[60]  Cristina Romani,et al.  Effects of syllabic complexity in predicting accuracy of repetition and direction of errors in patients with articulatory and phonological difficulties , 2005, Cognitive neuropsychology.

[61]  G. Dell,et al.  Lexical access in aphasic and nonaphasic speakers. , 1997, Psychological review.

[62]  Gary S. Dell,et al.  Positive Feedback in Hierarchical Connectionist Models: Applications to Language Production , 1988, Cogn. Sci..

[63]  G. Dell,et al.  Models of Impaired Lexical Access in Speech Production , 2000 .

[64]  W. Levelt,et al.  Speaking: From Intention to Articulation , 1990 .