Pathological changes in the liver and thyroid in broiler chickens fed by rapeseed cake

The aim of this study was to investigate pathological changes in the liver and thyroid gland, to determine the possibility of using different levels of rapeseed cake in diets for chickens. The experiment was carried out on three hundred and sixty day-old male Cobb hybrid chickens, were fed by three different feeding regimens (T-0 = %; T-5 = 5 %; T-10 = 10 % of rapeseed cake, "double low" cultivar Bristol). The rapeseed cake contains 2.86 μmol/g of glucosinolate (Gls) and the ratio of erucic acid was 0.08 % of total fatty acids. Introduction of 5 % rapeseed cake to chicken feed increased mortality, but it was still an acceptable mortality rate. The average liver mass increased in groups T-5 and T-10 compared to the control group. The thyroid glands of the treated animals showed no signifi cant increase in weight compared to the control group. Histopathologically, liver and thyroid lesions were more prominent in treated animals compared to the control group. In the treated group a signifi cantly higher rate of perivascular necrosis of hepatocytes, and perivascular mixtocellular cell infi ltration in the liver was found in the T-5 group. In the liver, there was a signifi cantly higher rate of congestion, degeneration of blood vessels, vasculitis, and hydropic degeneration in the T-10 group. The thyroid glands of the treated animals showed a signifi cantly higher rate of scattered proliferation of follicular epithelial cells, and mild interstitial fi brosis in the T-5 group. Severe interstitial fi brosis was pronounced only in the T-10 group, with a signifi cantly higher rate. The highest rate of follicular haemorrhages was found in the T-10 group, followed by the T-5 group. The relation between these rapeseed cake specifi c changes, and the undesirable effects specifi c to rapeseed cake remain to be elucidated. However, the existence of causative factors other than erucic acid and glucosinolates cannot be excluded. In conclusion, the introduction of 5 % and 10 % rapeseed cake (Bristol-

[1]  S. Selim,et al.  Growth and Economic Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed on Graded Levels of Canola Meal with or without Multi-Enzyme Supplementation , 2015 .

[2]  Talatapeh Amir,et al.  THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CANOLA MEAL AND COPPER ON PERFORMANCE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ASCITES AND SOME BLOOD METABOLITES OF BROILER CHICKENS , 2015 .

[3]  M. C. Elias,et al.  Carcass yield and meat quality in broilers fed with canola meal , 2014, British poultry science.

[4]  E. Kienzle,et al.  Accidental finding of Hashimoto-like thyroiditis in male B.U.T. 6 turkeys at slaughter. , 2014, Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition.

[5]  B. Slominski,et al.  Factors that affect the nutritive value of canola meal for poultry. , 2012, Poultry science.

[6]  Negin Delfani,et al.  The effects of different levels of canola meal and copper on performance,susceptibility to ascites and plasma enzyme activities in broiler chickens , 2012 .

[7]  B. Slominski,et al.  The effect of different dietary levels of rapeseed meal on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in turkeys. , 2012, Poultry science.

[8]  E. Kiarie,et al.  Growth performance, organ weights, and blood parameters of broilers fed diets containing expeller-extracted canola meal. , 2011, Poultry science.

[9]  L. Perić,et al.  Use extruded rapeseed meal in the feed of broiler chickens. , 2011 .

[10]  L. Proskina,et al.  The Use of Rapeseed-oil Cake in the Rations of Farmed Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) , 2011 .

[11]  D. Qujeq,et al.  Pulmonary hypertension and ascites as affected by dietary protein source in broiler chickens reared in cool temperature at high altitudes , 2010 .

[12]  T. Banaszkiewicz,et al.  The estimation of diets with rapeseed cakes from new cultivars for broiler chickens. , 2009 .

[13]  H. Nawaz,et al.  Influence of canola meal-based diets supplemented with exogenous enzyme and digestible lysine on performance, digestibility, carcass, and immunity responses of broiler chickens. , 2007, Poultry science.

[14]  M. Tripathi,et al.  GLICOSINOLATES IN ANIMAL NUTRITION: A REVIEW , 2007 .

[15]  .. Z.Taraz,et al.  Effects of Replacement of Soybean Meal with Rapeseed Meal on Organs Weight, Some Blood Biochemical Parameters and Performance of Broiler Chicks , 2006 .

[16]  H. Kermanshahi,et al.  Replacement value of soybean meal with rapeseed meal supplemented with or without a dietary NSP degrading enzyme on performance and thyroid hormones of broiler chickens , 2006 .

[17]  R. D. Voe.  Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds , 2006 .

[18]  C. Recordati,et al.  Novel type of haemorrhagic hepatosis in guinea fowl , 2005, Veterinary Record.

[19]  R. Julian.  Production and growth related disorders and other metabolic diseases of poultry--a review. , 2005, Veterinary journal.

[20]  H. Tanii,et al.  Allylnitrile: generation from cruciferous vegetables and behavioral effects on mice of repeated exposure. , 2004, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[21]  V. Kroupová,et al.  Assessment of Functional Activity of the Bovine Thyroid Gland Using Morphometry and Two Markers of Cellular Proliferation , 2003 .

[22]  R. Schmidt,et al.  Thyroid Hyperplasia in Birds , 2002 .

[23]  A. Zeb.  Possibilities and limitations of feeding rapesseed meal to broiler chicks , 2002 .

[24]  S. Yamashiro.  Comparative Veterinary Histology with Clinical Correlates. , 2002 .

[25]  S. Ćurić,et al.  Influence of rapeseed meal on productivity and health of broiler chicks. , 2002, Acta Veterinaria Hungarica.

[26]  K. Hansen,et al.  Biochemical effects of dietary intakes of different broccoli samples. I. Differential modulation of cytochrome P-450 activities in rat liver, kidney, and colon. , 2001, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[27]  E. Aughey,et al.  Comparative Veterinary Histology with Clinical Correlates , 2001 .

[28]  S. van der Geyten,et al.  Dietary low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal affects thyroid status and nutrient utilization in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). , 2000, The British journal of nutrition.

[29]  J. Bister,et al.  Chemical changes and influences of rapeseed antinutritional factors on lamb physiology and performance. 3. Antinutritional factors in plasma and organs , 2000 .

[30]  B. Pastuszewska,et al.  Metabolisable energy value of rapeseed meal and its fractions for chickens as affected by oil and fibre content. , 2000 .

[31]  J. Bister,et al.  Chemical changes and influences of rapeseed antinutritional factors on lamb physiology and performance 2. Plasma substances and activity of the thyroid , 1999 .

[32]  B. Pastuszewska,et al.  Composition and nutritional value for chickens and rats of seeds, cake and solvent meal from low-glucosinolate yellow-seeded spring rape and dark-seeded winter rape , 1998 .

[33]  S. Breit,et al.  Untersuchungen zur Form der Schilddrüse (Glandula thyreoidea) beim Geflügel mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der jahreszeitlichen Schwankungen , 1998 .

[34]  D. Harrison,et al.  Regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene expression by oxidized linoleic acid. , 1998, Journal of lipid research.

[35]  H. König,et al.  [The morphology of the thyroid gland in poultry with special regard to seasonal variations]. , 1998, Anatomia, histologia, embryologia.

[36]  H. Kozłowska,et al.  Rapeseed meal-glucosinolates and their antinutritional effects. Part II. Flavour and palatability , 1993 .

[37]  F. Lettner,et al.  Rapeseed meal in broiler diets. , 1990 .

[38]  P. Wight,et al.  Liver haemorrhages induced by rapeseed meal: incidence in adult male and female fowls. , 1986, British Poultry Science.

[39]  F. Proudfoot,et al.  Pathological changes associated with the feeding of soybean oil or oil extracted from different rapeseed cultivars to single comb white Leghorn cockerels. , 1985, Poultry Science.

[40]  P. Wight,et al.  The morphology of the thyroid glands of quails and fowls maintained on diets containing rapeseed. , 1985, Avian Pathology.

[41]  G. Fenwick,et al.  Rapeseed induced liver haemorrhage, reticulolysis and biochemical changes in laying hens: the effects of feeding high and low glucosinolate meals. , 1984, Research in Veterinary Science.

[42]  F. Proudfoot,et al.  Growth, heart weight, cardiac lipid, and pathology of chickens fed soybean oil or oil extracted from different rapeseed cultivars. , 1982, Poultry science.

[43]  M. Bhatnagar,et al.  Ultrastructural study of liver fibrosis in turkeys fed diets containing rapeseed meal. , 1980, Research in Veterinary Science.

[44]  G. Fenwick,et al.  Rapeseed meal in rations for laying hens: A review of the effect on egg quality , 1980 .

[45]  B. March,et al.  Low Erucic Acid, Low Glucosinolate Rapeseed Meal, with and without Added Gums in the Layer Diet , 1978 .

[46]  Gough Aw,et al.  Massive liver hemorrhage in Ontario broiler chickens. , 1978 .

[47]  L. J. Weber,et al.  Massive liver hemorrhage in Ontario broiler chickens. , 1978, Avian diseases.

[48]  C. Riddell,et al.  Pathological changes in chickens, ducks and turkeys fed high levels of rapeseed oil. , 1976, Canadian journal of comparative medicine : Revue canadienne de medecine comparee.

[49]  S. J. Slinger,et al.  Fatty haemorrhagic liver syndrome in laying hens on diets supplemented with rapeseed products. , 1975, Research in veterinary science.

[50]  R. Smythe.  A Disease of Poultry , 1913 .