Effects of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Leaf Extract on Staphylococcal Adhesion and Invasion in Bovine Udder Epidermal Tissue Model

Bovine mastitis is one of the most important infectious diseases in dairy herds, and staphylococci are the most important etiologic agents of this disease. Antibiotics and chemical agents used in livestock for prevention and cure of the disease can accumulate in milk and give rise to food safety concerns. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract was studied as an alternative approach to reduce the bacterial infections. The ethanolic extract of this plant demonstrated antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as low as 16–64 μg/mL against staphylococcal isolates. In addition, the extract had an effect on the bacterial cell surface properties by increasing its hydrophobicity in a concentration dependent manner. To further extend the antibacterial efficacy, silver nanoparticles synthesized with the extract, a pure rhodomyrtone, and liposomal encapsulated rhodomyrtone were applied and their inhibitory effects on bacterial adhesion and invasion were determined by ex vivo study in a bovine udder epidermal tissue model. These agents exerted remarkable antibacterial activity against staphylococci and decreased the adhesion of the bacterial cells to the tissues. These results supported that R. tomentosa ethanolic extract could be applied as an alternative agent for bovine udder care in dairy farms.

[1]  B. Han,et al.  Bovine mastitis Staphylococcus aureus: antibiotic susceptibility profile, resistance genes and molecular typing of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive strains in China. , 2015, Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases.

[2]  G. Leitner,et al.  Host-specificity of Staphylococcus aureus causing intramammary infections in dairy animals assessed by genotyping and virulence genes. , 2015, Veterinary microbiology.

[3]  R. Contelli Klein,et al.  An association between milk and slime increases biofilm production by bovine Staphylococcus aureus , 2015, BMC Veterinary Research.

[4]  S. Shankar,et al.  Effect of reducing agent concentrations and temperature on characteristics and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles , 2014 .

[5]  S. Shankar,et al.  Synthesis, characterization, in vitro biocompatibility, and antimicrobial activity of gold, silver and gold silver alloy nanoparticles prepared from Lansium domesticum fruit peel extract , 2014 .

[6]  P. Srimanote,et al.  Rhodomyrtone Modulates Innate Immune Responses of THP-1 Monocytes to Assist in Clearing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus , 2014, PloS one.

[7]  S. Gualberto,et al.  Daily ingestion of tetracycline residue present in pasteurized milk: a public health problem , 2014, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[8]  Timothy J. Foster,et al.  Adhesion, invasion and evasion: the many functions of the surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus , 2013, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[9]  A. Stochmal,et al.  Antiadherent and Antibiofilm Activity of Humulus lupulus L. Derived Products: New Pharmacological Properties , 2013, BioMed research international.

[10]  S. Voravuthikunchai,et al.  Liposomal Encapsulated Rhodomyrtone: A Novel Antiacne Drug , 2013, Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM.

[11]  D. Nobrega,et al.  Enterotoxin genes in coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from bovine milk. , 2013, Journal of dairy science.

[12]  É. Brouillette,et al.  In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of cranberry press cake extracts alone or in combination with β-lactams against Staphylococcus aureus , 2013, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine.

[13]  G. Sung,et al.  In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa methanol extract. , 2013, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[14]  S. Voravuthikunchai,et al.  Acetone Extract from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa: A Potent Natural Antioxidant , 2012, Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM.

[15]  P. Srimanote,et al.  Transcriptome Analysis of Responses to Rhodomyrtone in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus , 2012, PloS one.

[16]  A. Doss,et al.  Activity of Some Selected Medicinal Plant Extracts Against Bovine Mastitis Pathogens , 2011 .

[17]  P. Srimanote,et al.  Proteome Analyses of Cellular Proteins in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Treated with Rhodomyrtone, a Novel Antibiotic Candidate , 2011, PloS one.

[18]  S. Voravuthikunchai,et al.  Control of Bacillus cereus in foods by Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk. Leaf extract and its purified compound. , 2010, Journal of food protection.

[19]  K. Dai,et al.  Effect of berberine on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation. , 2009, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[20]  O. Kayser,et al.  Rhodomyrtone: a new candidate as natural antibacterial drug from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. , 2009, Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology.

[21]  M. C. López-Mendoza,et al.  Assessment of the microbiological conditions of red‐meat carcasses from bacterial counts recovered by sampling via excision or swabbing with cotton wool , 2009 .

[22]  S. Voravuthikunchai,et al.  Rhodomyrtone from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. as a Natural Antibiotic for Staphylococcal Cutaneous Infections , 2008 .

[23]  S. Limsuwan,et al.  Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr., Eleutherine americana Merr. and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. as antibiofilm producing and antiquorum sensing in Streptococcus pyogenes. , 2008, FEMS immunology and medical microbiology.

[24]  H. Wysokińska,et al.  Antimicrobial activity of diterpenoids from hairy roots of Salvia sclarea L.: salvipisone as a potential anti-biofilm agent active against antibiotic resistant Staphylococci. , 2007, Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology.

[25]  N. T. Siddiqui,et al.  New perspectives on herbal medicines for bacterial infections. , 2007 .

[26]  A. Nostro,et al.  Modifications of hydrophobicity, in vitro adherence and cellular aggregation of Streptococcus mutans by Helichrysum italicum extract , 2004, Letters in applied microbiology.

[27]  P. Cooke,et al.  Effects of chilling on sampling of bacteria attached to swine carcasses , 2001, Letters in applied microbiology.

[28]  M. Ferraro.  Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing , 2001 .

[29]  B. Wilson,et al.  Survival of Staphylococcus aureus Inside Neutrophils Contributes to Infection1 , 2000, The Journal of Immunology.

[30]  H. Ong,et al.  Malay ethno-medico botany in Machang, Kelantan, Malaysia , 1999 .

[31]  Walker Rd,et al.  Standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. , 1999 .

[32]  P. Lambert,et al.  Penetration of immunoglobulins through the Klebsiella capsule and their effect on cell-surface hydrophobicity. , 1988, Journal of medical microbiology.

[33]  F. Reifsteck,et al.  Hydrophobicity-hydrophilicity of staphylococci. , 1987, Journal of medical microbiology.

[34]  K J Ryan,et al.  Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing , 2016, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology.

[35]  K. Luk,et al.  Triterpenoids and steroids from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa , 1975 .