Epoxy/graphene nanocomposites – processing and properties: a review

Graphene has recently attracted significant academic and industrial interest because of its excellent performance in mechanical, electrical and thermal applications. Graphene can significantly improve physical properties of epoxy at extremely small loading when incorporated appropriately. Herein, the structure, preparation and properties of epoxy/graphene nanocomposites are reviewed in general, along with detailed examples drawn from the key scientific literature. The modification of graphene and the utilization of these materials in the fabrication of nanocomposites with different processing methods have been explored. This review has been focused on the processing methods and mechanical, electrical, thermal, and fire retardant properties of the nanocomposites. The synergic effects of graphene and other fillers in epoxy matrix have been summarised as well.

[1]  Hua Zhang,et al.  Graphene-based composites. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[2]  Jacek Klinowski,et al.  A new structural model for graphite oxide , 1998 .

[3]  R. Whitby,et al.  Chemical control of graphene architecture: tailoring shape and properties. , 2014, ACS nano.

[4]  Lei Song,et al.  Self-assembly of Ni–Fe layered double hydroxide/graphene hybrids for reducing fire hazard in epoxy composites , 2013 .

[5]  M. Fang,et al.  Constructing hierarchically structured interphases for strong and tough epoxy nanocomposites by amine-rich graphene surfaces , 2010 .

[6]  Cheol-Min Yang,et al.  Carbon hybrid fillers composed of carbon nanotubes directly grown on graphene nanoplatelets for effective thermal conductivity in epoxy composites , 2013, Nanotechnology.

[7]  P. Calza,et al.  Graphene oxide–epoxy hybrid material as innovative photocatalyst , 2013, Journal of Materials Science.

[8]  R. Ruoff,et al.  Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites , 2011 .

[9]  I. Martín-Gullón,et al.  Impressive Fatigue Life and Fracture Toughness Improvements in Graphene Oxide/Epoxy Composites , 2012 .

[10]  Shaojun Guo,et al.  Graphene nanosheet: synthesis, molecular engineering, thin film, hybrids, and energy and analytical applications. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[11]  I. Kinloch,et al.  Ultra-low electrical percolation threshold in carbon-nanotube-epoxy composites , 2003 .

[12]  Zhi-Man Bai,et al.  Synthesis of ZnS Decorated Graphene Sheets for Reducing Fire Hazards of Epoxy Composites , 2014 .

[13]  Yuyan Shao,et al.  Facile and controllable electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide and its applications , 2010 .

[14]  Shibing Ye,et al.  Highly elastic graphene oxide–epoxy composite aerogels via simple freeze-drying and subsequent routine curing , 2013 .

[15]  V. Georgakilas,et al.  Functionalization of graphene , 2014 .

[16]  Lee Luong,et al.  Epoxy/graphene platelets nanocomposites with two levels of interface strength , 2011 .

[17]  Liwei Liu,et al.  Ultrahigh Thermal Conductivity of Assembled Aligned Multilayer Graphene/Epoxy Composite , 2014 .

[18]  D. Yan,et al.  Grafting of epoxy chains onto graphene oxide for epoxy composites with improved mechanical and thermal properties , 2014 .

[19]  V. Georgakilas,et al.  Functionalization of Graphene , 2012 .

[20]  Tapas Kuila,et al.  Effects of surface-modified silica nanoparticles attached graphene oxide using isocyanate-terminated flexible polymer chains on the mechanical properties of epoxy composites , 2014 .

[21]  Jooheon Kim,et al.  Thermal conductivity of a graphene oxide–carbon nanotube hybrid/epoxy composite , 2012 .

[22]  G. Bondarenko,et al.  The effect of addition of functionalized graphene oxide on the dielectric properties of epoxy composite , 2013 .

[23]  P. Lamberti,et al.  Development of epoxy mixtures for application in aeronautics and aerospace , 2014 .

[24]  Scott T. Huxtable,et al.  Interfacial heat flow in carbon nanotube suspensions , 2003, Nature materials.

[25]  Silvia G. Prolongo,et al.  Graphene nanoplatelets thickness and lateral size influence on the morphology and behavior of epoxy composites , 2014 .

[26]  A. Khalid,et al.  Interface modification of clay and graphene platelets reinforced epoxy nanocomposites: a comparative study , 2014, Journal of Materials Science.

[27]  Hui‐Ming Cheng,et al.  The global growth of graphene. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[28]  P. Mohan A Critical Review: The Modification, Properties, and Applications of Epoxy Resins , 2013 .

[29]  Lifeng Hao,et al.  The role of functional groups on graphene oxide in epoxy nanocomposites , 2013 .

[30]  Insung S. Choi,et al.  Covalent Modification of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids: Effect of Anions on Solubility , 2006 .

[31]  V. Mittal Functional Polymer Nanocomposites with Graphene: A Review , 2014 .

[32]  E. Bekyarova,et al.  Enhanced Thermal Conductivity in a Hybrid Graphite Nanoplatelet – Carbon Nanotube Filler for Epoxy Composites , 2008 .

[33]  Micah J. Green,et al.  High‐Performance Pristine Graphene/Epoxy Composites With Enhanced Mechanical and Electrical Properties , 2013 .

[34]  R. Ruoff,et al.  Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[35]  Karl Schulte,et al.  Hydrothermally resistant thermally reduced graphene oxide and multi-wall carbon nanotube based epoxy nanocomposites , 2013 .

[36]  Lei Song,et al.  The effect of graphene presence in flame retarded epoxy resin matrix on the mechanical and flammability properties of glass fiber-reinforced composites , 2013 .

[37]  A. Mahmood,et al.  Production, properties and potential of graphene , 2010, 1002.0370.

[38]  K. Bolotin,et al.  Graphene: corrosion-inhibiting coating. , 2012, ACS nano.

[39]  Jiwon Kim,et al.  Thermal and electrical conductivity of Al(OH)3 covered graphene oxide nanosheet/epoxy composites , 2012, Journal of Materials Science.

[40]  Xiaodong Li,et al.  Hydrogen Passivation Induced Dispersion of Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes , 2012, Advanced materials.

[41]  B. Ashrafi,et al.  Single-walled carbon nanotube–epoxy composites for structural and conductive aerospace adhesives , 2015 .

[42]  Jifang Fu,et al.  A graphene hybrid material functionalized with POSS: Synthesis and applications in low-dielectric epoxy composites , 2014 .

[43]  D. Yan,et al.  Toward effective and tunable interphases in graphene oxide/epoxy composites by grafting different chain lengths of polyetheramine onto graphene oxide , 2014 .

[44]  Lei Chen,et al.  Tuning the interface of graphene platelets/epoxy composites by the covalent grafting of polybenzimidazole , 2014 .

[45]  Xiaodong Wang,et al.  Fabrication of Spirocyclic Phosphazene Epoxy-Based Nanocomposites with Graphene via Exfoliation of Graphite Platelets and Thermal Curing for Enhancement of Mechanical and Conductive Properties , 2013 .

[46]  Shiren Wang,et al.  Thermal Expansion of Graphene Composites , 2009 .

[47]  Ica Manas-Zloczower,et al.  Epoxy composites with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets – Dispersion and synergy effects , 2014 .

[48]  K. M. Liew,et al.  Mechanical analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composites: A review , 2015 .

[49]  K. Novoselov,et al.  Micrometer-scale ballistic transport in encapsulated graphene at room temperature. , 2011, Nano letters.

[50]  Wang Zhanguo,et al.  コロイド状硫化銅(I)のOne-pot合成と自己集積 , 2010 .

[51]  Yong Qian,et al.  The synthesis of a novel graphene-based inorganic–organic hybrid flame retardant and its application in epoxy resin , 2014 .

[52]  Jie Yin,et al.  Glycidyl methacrylate-modified gum arabic mediated graphene exfoliation and its use for enhancing mechanical performance of hydrogel , 2013 .

[53]  C. Hsieh,et al.  Thermally conductive and electrically insulating epoxy nanocomposites with thermally reduced graphene oxide-silica hybrid nanosheets. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[54]  S. Banerjee,et al.  Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils , 2009, Science.

[55]  Huafeng Yang,et al.  Covalent functionalization of polydisperse chemically-converted graphene sheets with amine-terminated ionic liquid. , 2009, Chemical communications.

[56]  Jiwon Kim,et al.  The influence of Al(OH)3-coated graphene oxide on improved thermal conductivity and maintained electrical resistivity of Al2O3/epoxy composites , 2012, Journal of Nanoparticle Research.

[57]  Hui‐Ming Cheng,et al.  Synthesis of graphene sheets with high electrical conductivity and good thermal stability by hydrogen arc discharge exfoliation. , 2009, ACS nano.

[58]  Y. Mai,et al.  Exceptional electrical conductivity and fracture resistance of 3D interconnected graphene foam/epoxy composites. , 2014, ACS nano.

[59]  S. Xiao,et al.  Intrinsic and extrinsic performance limits of graphene devices on SiO2. , 2007, Nature nanotechnology.

[60]  Hua Bai,et al.  Functional Composite Materials Based on Chemically Converted Graphene , 2011, Advanced materials.

[61]  Y. Jeong,et al.  Structure and electric heating performance of graphene/epoxy composite films , 2013 .

[62]  Xufeng Zhou,et al.  Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites Reinforced with Graphene Oxide , 2012 .

[63]  Yan Wang,et al.  Electromagnetic interference shielding of graphene/epoxy composites , 2009 .

[64]  Kwang S. Kim,et al.  Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes , 2009, Nature.

[65]  R. Cheng,et al.  Effects of graphene oxides on the cure behaviors of a tetrafunctional epoxy resin , 2011 .

[66]  Micah J. Green,et al.  Polymer-stabilized graphene dispersions at high concentrations in organic solvents for nanocomposite production , 2011 .

[67]  M. Bermúdez,et al.  Effect of Graphene and Ionic Liquid Additives on the Tribological Performance of Epoxy Resin , 2014, Tribology Letters.

[68]  R. Verdejo,et al.  Comparison of filler percolation and mechanical properties in graphene and carbon nanotubes filled epoxy nanocomposites , 2013 .

[69]  Fawad Inam,et al.  Multiscale hybrid micro-nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers , 2010 .

[70]  Hyung-il Lee,et al.  Effect of pyrene treatment on the properties of graphene/epoxy nanocomposites , 2010 .

[71]  Jinhong Yu,et al.  Enhanced thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy composites by mixing thermotropic liquid crystalline epoxy grafted graphene oxide , 2014 .

[72]  Xiaoping Shen,et al.  Graphene–inorganic nanocomposites , 2012 .

[73]  Y. Duan,et al.  Chemistry, physics and biology of graphene-based nanomaterials: new horizons for sensing, imaging and medicine , 2012 .

[74]  D. Jia,et al.  Edge-functionalized graphene as reinforcement of epoxy-based conductive composite for electrical interconnects , 2013 .

[75]  Anthony Dichiara,et al.  Carbon nanotube-graphene nanoplatelet hybrids as high-performance multifunctional reinforcements in epoxy composites , 2013 .

[76]  G. Simon,et al.  Thermoplastic toughening of epoxy resins: a critical review , 1998 .

[77]  K. Guo,et al.  Reinforcing epoxy resin through covalent integration of functionalized graphene nanosheets , 2014 .

[78]  Peiyi Wu,et al.  Effect of chemically modified graphene oxide on the phase separation behaviour and properties of an epoxy/polyetherimide binary system , 2014 .

[79]  Huaihe Song,et al.  Dispersion of graphene oxide and its flame retardancy effect on epoxy nanocomposites , 2011 .

[80]  Yongqian Shi,et al.  Novel organic–inorganic flame retardants containing exfoliated graphene: preparation and their performance on the flame retardancy of epoxy resins , 2013 .

[81]  Junhua Kong,et al.  Simultaneous catalyzing and reinforcing effects of imidazole-functionalized graphene in anhydride-cured epoxies , 2012 .

[82]  S. Bose,et al.  Recent advances in graphene based polymer composites , 2010 .

[83]  Jun Ma,et al.  Processable 3-nm thick graphene platelets of high electrical conductivity and their epoxy composites , 2014, Nanotechnology.

[84]  Lei Song,et al.  Covalent functionalization of graphene with organosilane and its use as a reinforcement in epoxy composites , 2012 .

[85]  Hsu-Chiang Kuan,et al.  Preparation and properties of novel epoxy/graphene oxide nanosheets (GON) composites functionalized with flame retardant containing phosphorus and silicon , 2014 .

[86]  Qiang Fu,et al.  Enhanced epoxy/silica composites mechanical properties by introducing graphene oxide to the interface. , 2012, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[87]  M. Naebe,et al.  Mechanical Property and Structure of Covalent Functionalised Graphene/Epoxy Nanocomposites , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[88]  T. Stevanovic,et al.  Compatibilization of kraft lignin‐polyethylene composites using unreactive compatibilizers , 2014 .

[89]  Tapas Kuila,et al.  Enhanced mechanical properties of silanized silica nanoparticle attached graphene oxide/epoxy composites , 2013 .

[90]  J. Sakamoto,et al.  Two-dimensional polymers: just a dream of synthetic chemists? , 2009, Angewandte Chemie.

[91]  A. Zurutuza,et al.  Challenges and opportunities in graphene commercialization. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[92]  B. D'Anjou,et al.  Experimental Review of Graphene , 2011, 1110.6557.

[93]  C. E. Corcione,et al.  The Aspect Ratio of Epoxy Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced With Graphene Stacks , 2013 .

[94]  Xu Wang,et al.  How can graphene reduce the flammability of polymer nanocomposites , 2012 .

[95]  Hui‐Ming Cheng,et al.  The reduction of graphene oxide , 2012 .

[96]  Lixin Wu,et al.  Flame retardancy effects of graphene nanoplatelet/carbon nanotube hybrid membranes on carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites , 2013 .

[97]  T. Hsieh,et al.  Mechanical properties and tensile fatigue of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced polymer nanocomposites , 2013 .

[98]  R. Ruoff,et al.  Selective mechanical transfer of graphene from seed copper foil using rate effects. , 2015, ACS nano.

[99]  S. A. Sydlik Effects of graphene and carbon nanotube fillers on the shear properties of epoxy , 2013 .

[100]  M. Alagar,et al.  Flexible-capron toughened epoxy/graphene nanocomposites for high k dielectric and ultraviolet radiation-resistant applications , 2014 .

[101]  Neil Savage,et al.  Materials science: Super carbon , 2012, Nature.

[102]  C. Ma,et al.  Thermal conductivity and structure of non-covalent functionalized graphene/epoxy composites , 2011 .

[103]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films , 2004, Science.

[104]  U. Ramamurty,et al.  Extraordinary synergy in the mechanical properties of polymer matrix composites reinforced with 2 nanocarbons , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[105]  D. Yan,et al.  The effect of graphene dispersion on the mechanical properties of graphene/epoxy composites , 2013 .

[106]  Hao Wang,et al.  Effect of graphene nanosheets on morphology, thermal stability and flame retardancy of epoxy resin , 2014 .

[107]  D. Kim,et al.  Effects of an aminosilane and a tetra‐functional epoxy on the physical properties of di‐functional epoxy/graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposites , 2014 .

[108]  D. Yan,et al.  Improved dispersion and interface in the graphene/epoxy composites via a facile surfactant-assisted process , 2013 .

[109]  F. Nüesch,et al.  Mechanical reinforcement and thermal conductivity in expanded graphene nanoplatelets reinforced epoxy composites , 2012 .

[110]  J. Yeh,et al.  Physical study of room‐temperature‐cured epoxy/thermally reduced graphene oxides with various contents of oxygen‐containing groups , 2014 .

[111]  Jin Zhu,et al.  How a bio-based epoxy monomer enhanced the properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)/graphene composites , 2013 .

[112]  S. Magdassi,et al.  Conductive nanomaterials for printed electronics. , 2014, Small.

[113]  Zaiping Guo,et al.  Preparation and characterization of spinel Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles anode materials for lithium ion battery , 2012, Journal of Nanoparticle Research.

[114]  J. Yagüe,et al.  25th Anniversary Article: CVD Polymers: A New Paradigm for Surface Modifi cation and Device Fabrication , 2013, Advanced materials.

[115]  R. Layek,et al.  A review on synthesis and properties of polymer functionalized graphene , 2013 .

[116]  Lei Song,et al.  The effect of metal oxide decorated graphene hybrids on the improved thermal stability and the reduced smoke toxicity in epoxy resins , 2014 .

[117]  Lei Song,et al.  Simultaneous reduction and surface functionalization of graphene oxide with POSS for reducing fire hazards in epoxy composites , 2012 .

[118]  Lei Song,et al.  In situ preparation of functionalized graphene oxide/epoxy nanocomposites with effective reinforcements , 2011 .

[119]  Chen-Chi M. Ma,et al.  Synergetic effects of graphene platelets and carbon nanotubes on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy composites , 2011 .

[120]  Shao-rong Lu,et al.  Epoxy nanocomposites filled with thermotropic liquid crystalline epoxy grafted graphene oxide , 2013 .

[121]  O. Yazyev,et al.  Polycrystalline graphene and other two-dimensional materials. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[122]  Chi Cheng,et al.  Liquid-Mediated Dense Integration of Graphene Materials for Compact Capacitive Energy Storage , 2013, Science.

[123]  S. Levchik,et al.  Thermal decomposition, combustion and flame‐retardancy of epoxy resins—a review of the recent literature , 2004 .

[124]  Lee Luong,et al.  A Facile Approach to Chemically Modified Graphene and its Polymer Nanocomposites , 2012 .

[125]  Rajesh Kumar,et al.  Surface modification of inorganic nanoparticles for development of organic–inorganic nanocomposites—A review , 2013 .

[126]  Guangming Zhu,et al.  In situ polymerization of graphene oxide and cyanate ester-epoxy with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties , 2014 .

[127]  S. Bose,et al.  Chemical functionalization of graphene and its applications , 2012 .

[128]  Zhanhu Guo,et al.  Strengthened magnetic epoxy nanocomposites with protruding nanoparticles on the graphene nanosheets , 2013 .

[129]  N. Koratkar,et al.  Enhanced mechanical properties of nanocomposites at low graphene content. , 2009, ACS nano.

[130]  Thomas M. Higgins,et al.  Scalable production of large quantities of defect-free few-layer graphene by shear exfoliation in liquids. , 2014, Nature materials.

[131]  D. Ratna Modification of epoxy resins for improvement of adhesion: a critical review , 2003 .

[132]  J. Baek,et al.  Edge-carboxylated graphene nanosheets via ball milling , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[133]  F. Inam Epoxy - the hub for the most versatile polymer with exceptional combination of superlative features , 2014 .

[134]  A. B. Nair,et al.  Microwave exfoliated reduced graphene oxide epoxy nanocomposites for high performance applications , 2014 .

[135]  K. Novoselov,et al.  The mechanics of graphene nanocomposites: A review , 2012 .

[136]  D. Cai,et al.  Recent advance in functionalized graphene/ polymer nanocomposites , 2010 .

[137]  M. Itkis,et al.  Graphite Nanoplatelet−Epoxy Composite Thermal Interface Materials , 2007 .

[138]  F. Nüesch,et al.  Size and synergy effects of nanofiller hybrids including graphene nanoplatelets and carbon nanotubes in mechanical properties of epoxy composites , 2012 .

[139]  C. Macosko,et al.  Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites , 2010 .

[140]  William A. Rigdon,et al.  Enhancing graphene reinforcing potential in composites by hydrogen passivation induced dispersion , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[141]  M. Mariatti,et al.  Properties of graphene nanopowder and multi-walled carbon nanotube-filled epoxy thin-film nanocomposites for electronic applications: The effect of sonication time and filler loading , 2014 .

[142]  T. Peijs,et al.  Effects of dispersion surfactants on the properties of ceramic - carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites , 2014 .

[143]  R. Verdejo,et al.  Epoxy-Graphene UV-cured nanocomposites , 2011 .

[144]  Byungki Kim,et al.  Functionalized graphene sheets‐epoxy based nanocomposite for cryotank composite application , 2012 .

[145]  Xin Wang,et al.  Carbon Nanosheets for Polymeric Nanocomposites with High Thermal Conductivity , 2009 .

[146]  C. Zhi,et al.  Toward Effective Synergetic Effects from Graphene Nanoplatelets and Carbon Nanotubes on Thermal Conductivity of Ultrahigh Volume Fraction Nanocarbon Epoxy Composites , 2012 .

[147]  K. Rhee,et al.  A review on carbon nanotubes and graphene as fillers in reinforced polymer nanocomposites , 2015 .

[148]  Lei Chen,et al.  A design of gradient interphase reinforced by silanized graphene oxide and its effect on carbon fiber/epoxy interface , 2014 .

[149]  Lei Song,et al.  Functionalization of graphene with grafted polyphosphamide for flame retardant epoxy composites: synthesis, flammability and mechanism , 2014 .

[150]  Yuan Hu,et al.  Surface Modification of Graphene with Layered Molybdenum Disulfide and Their Synergistic Reinforcement on Reducing Fire Hazards of Epoxy Resins , 2013 .

[151]  Richard Van Noorden Production: Beyond sticky tape , 2012, Nature.

[152]  Fan Yang,et al.  Control of the functionality of graphene oxide for its application in epoxy nanocomposites , 2013 .

[153]  E. Zussman,et al.  Simultaneous in situ reduction, self-alignment and covalent bonding in graphene oxide/epoxy composites , 2013 .

[154]  K. Liao,et al.  Synergistic toughening of epoxy with carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide for improved long-term performance , 2013 .

[155]  Pashupati Pokharel,et al.  Multi-step microwave reduction of graphite oxide and its use in the formation of electrically conductive graphene/epoxy composites , 2014 .

[156]  A. Y. Sham,et al.  A review of fundamental properties and applications of polymer–graphene hybrid materials , 2013 .

[157]  Jongmin Kim,et al.  The effects of functionalized graphene nanosheets on the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy composites for anisotropic conductive adhesives (ACAs) , 2012, Microelectron. Reliab..

[158]  Xungai Wang,et al.  Improving the mechanical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotube/epoxy nanocomposites using polymerization in a stirring plasma system , 2014 .

[159]  David P. Anderson,et al.  Improved thermal conductivity for chemically functionalized exfoliated graphite/epoxy composites , 2008 .

[160]  Jian-rong Gao,et al.  A novel intumescent flame retardant-functionalized graphene: Nanocomposite synthesis, characterization, and flammability properties , 2012 .

[161]  Lei Song,et al.  In Situ Polymerization of Graphene, Graphite Oxide, and Functionalized Graphite Oxide into Epoxy Resin and Comparison Study of On-the-Flame Behavior , 2011 .

[162]  T. Peijs,et al.  Transmission Light Microscopy of Carbon Nanotubes-Epoxy Nanocomposites Involving Different Dispersion Methods , 2006 .

[163]  Silvia G. Prolongo,et al.  In situ processing of epoxy composites reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets , 2013 .

[164]  R. Ruoff,et al.  Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications , 2010, Advanced materials.

[165]  Yanjun Jean Wan,et al.  Mechanical properties of epoxy composites filled with silane-functionalized graphene oxide , 2014 .

[166]  Jie Jin,et al.  An investigation of the mechanism of graphene toughening epoxy , 2013 .

[167]  L. Ye,et al.  Thermoplastic–epoxy interactions and their potential applications in joining composite structures – A review , 2015 .

[168]  J. Kenny,et al.  Morphology and electrical properties of graphene-epoxy nanocomposites obtained by different solvent assisted processing methods , 2013 .

[169]  R. Verdejo,et al.  Thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes and graphene in epoxy nanofluids and nanocomposites , 2011, Nanoscale research letters.

[170]  E. Waclawik,et al.  Preparation of graphene oxide/epoxy nanocomposites with significantly improved mechanical properties , 2014 .

[171]  Seokwoo Jeon,et al.  Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy–Graphene Composites by Using Non‐Oxidized Graphene Flakes with Non‐Covalent Functionalization , 2013, Advanced materials.

[172]  L. Staudenmaier,et al.  Verfahren zur Darstellung der Graphitsäure , 1898 .

[173]  C. Macosko,et al.  Graphene/Polyurethane Nanocomposites for Improved Gas Barrier and Electrical Conductivity , 2010 .

[174]  Vladimir V. Tsukruk,et al.  Graphene-polymer nanocomposites for structural and functional applications , 2014 .

[175]  J. Tascón,et al.  Graphene oxide dispersions in organic solvents. , 2008, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[176]  In‐Yup Jeon,et al.  Edge-functionalized graphene-like platelets as a co-curing agent and a nanoscale additive to epoxy resin , 2011 .

[177]  M. Ger,et al.  One-Step Reduction and Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Phosphorus-Based Compound to Produce Flame-Retardant Epoxy Nanocomposite , 2012 .

[178]  Seongchan Pack A Review of Non-halogen Flame Retardants in Epoxy-Based Composites and Nanocomposites: Flame Retardancy and Rheological Properties , 2015 .

[179]  Jong-Hyun Ahn,et al.  Ultrathin organic solar cells with graphene doped by ferroelectric polarization. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[180]  R. Mülhaupt,et al.  Fracture toughness and failure mechanism of graphene based epoxy composites , 2014 .