Pesticide Application: Current status and further developments

Pesticides are applied principally as water-based sprays through hydraulic nozzles, often with large volumes of water. Such treatment is usually effective, but inefficient. Improvements are needed to reduce contamination of users and the environment; achieve better integration with biological factors; and minimize selection of resistant pest populations. Nozzle selection is aimed at improving application with less environmental contamination. Other new developments, including closed transfer systems, air assistance and use of rotary atomization and electrostatics, are discussed.

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