Contribution au diagnostic de machines électromagnétiques : exploitation des signaux électriques et de la vitesse instantanée

Cette These aborde le diagnostic des defauts mecaniques des machines electromecaniques par traitement des signaux electriques (courants et tensions) issus des telles machines et recus sur un ensemble des capteurs, et essayer d'extraire et de separer les differentes composantes, electriques ou mecaniques, qui existent. Nous procedons par une modelisation de la machine asynchrone et du defaut de roulement pour expliquer le phenomene physique mis en jeu lors de l'apparition de ce type des defauts. Les outils de traitement du signal dedies a l'analyse cyclostationnaire peuvent apporter de nouvelles solutions. Nous associons ces outils a l'approche classique de soustraction de bruit qui consiste a retrouver dans un signal donne tout ce qui est du a un autre signal (mecanique → electrique et electrique → mecanique). Pour valider les etudes faites sur les signaux electriques, nous traitons aussi les signaux vibratoires. Il est necessaire de suivre l'influence du defaut tout au long de la chaine cinematique et d'etudier les transferts des variables mecaniques vers les variables electriques au sein de la machine electrique. La modelisation montre que ce transfert passe a travers la vitesse instantanee, il est donc important de verifier la presence d'information relative au defaut sur celle-ci. Les defauts de roulement sont cibles et nous proposons quelques moyens permettant l'utilisation de la vitesse instantanee comme indicateur de defaillances.

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