Fast sensors for time-of-flight imaging applications.

The development of sensors capable of detecting particles and radiation with both high time and high positional resolution is key to improving our understanding in many areas of science. Example applications of such sensors range from fundamental scattering studies of chemical reaction mechanisms through to imaging mass spectrometry of surfaces, neutron scattering studies aimed at probing the structure of materials, and time-resolved fluorescence measurements to elucidate the structure and function of biomolecules. In addition to improved throughput resulting from parallelisation of data collection - imaging of multiple different fragments in velocity-map imaging studies, for example - fast image sensors also offer a number of fundamentally new capabilities in areas such as coincidence detection. In this Perspective, we review recent developments in fast image sensor technology, provide examples of their implementation in a range of different experimental contexts, and discuss potential future developments and applications.

[1]  T. Baer.  Ion dissociation dynamics and thermochemistry by photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy , 2000 .

[3]  Daniel P. Wilson,et al.  Exploring surface photoreaction dynamics using pixel imaging mass spectrometry (PImMS). , 2013, The Journal of chemical physics.

[4]  Rafael Ballabriga,et al.  Timepix, a 65k programmable pixel readout chip for arrival time, energy and/or photon counting measurements , 2007 .

[5]  Jason McPhate,et al.  On the possibility to image thermal and cold neutron with sub-15μm spatial resolution , 2008 .

[6]  M. Janssen,et al.  Velocity map photoelectron-photoion coincidence imaging on a single detector. , 2012, The Review of scientific instruments.

[7]  B. Schueler.  Microscope imaging by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry , 1992 .

[8]  J. J. Lin,et al.  Application of time-sliced ion velocity imaging to crossed molecular beam experiments , 2003 .

[9]  K. Awazu,et al.  Development of a stigmatic mass microscope using laser desorption∕ionization and a multi-turn time-of-flight mass spectrometer. , 2011, Journal of biomedical optics.

[10]  David H. Parker,et al.  Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: Application in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen , 1997 .

[11]  K. Awazu,et al.  Evaluation of a Delay-Line Detector Combined with Analog-to-Digital Converters as the Ion Detection System for Stigmatic Imaging Mass Spectrometry , 2011 .

[12]  Claire Vallance,et al.  A new detector for mass spectrometry: direct detection of low energy ions using a multi-pixel photon counter. , 2012, The Review of scientific instruments.

[13]  John Banhart,et al.  Three-dimensional imaging of magnetic fields with polarized neutrons , 2008 .

[14]  L. McDonnell,et al.  High-spatial resolution mass spectrometric imaging of peptide and protein distributions on a surface. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[15]  Jonathan V. Sweedler,et al.  Mass Spectrometry Imaging , 2010, Methods in Molecular Biology.

[16]  John Banhart,et al.  Advances in neutron radiography and tomography , 2009 .

[17]  M. Vrakking,et al.  A new imaging method for understanding chemical dynamics: efficient slice imaging using an in-vacuum pixel detector. , 2010, The Review of scientific instruments.

[18]  L. McDonnell,et al.  Fast and automated large-area imaging MALDI mass spectrometry in microprobe and microscope mode , 2009 .

[19]  J. Eland,et al.  Coincidence studies of doubly charged ions formed by 30.4 nm photoionization , 1985 .

[20]  Ivo Klinkert,et al.  Biological Tissue Imaging with a Position and Time Sensitive Pixelated Detector , 2012, Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[21]  P. Dankers,et al.  C60+ secondary ion microscopy using a delay line detector. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[22]  Jason McPhate,et al.  Texture imaging of zirconium based components by total neutron cross-section experiments , 2012 .

[23]  M. Vrakking,et al.  High dynamic range bio-molecular ion microscopy with the Timepix detector. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[24]  M. Vrakking,et al.  Fast, high resolution mass spectrometry imaging using a medipix pixelated detector , 2010, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[25]  A. Suits,et al.  Direct current slice imaging , 2003 .

[26]  S. H. Gardiner,et al.  Multimass velocity-map imaging with the Pixel Imaging Mass Spectrometry (PImMS) sensor: an ultra-fast event-triggered camera for particle imaging. , 2012, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[27]  M. F. Tompsett,et al.  Experimental verification of the charge coupled device concept , 1970, Bell Syst. Tech. J..

[28]  T. Kitsopoulos,et al.  Slice imaging: A new approach to ion imaging and velocity mapping , 2001 .

[29]  R. Heeren,et al.  Emerging technologies in mass spectrometry imaging. , 2012, Journal of proteomics.

[30]  J. Aoki,et al.  Novel Ion Extraction Method for Imaging Mass Spectrometry , 2011 .

[31]  C. Ni,et al.  Multimass ion imaging detection: Application to photodissociation , 2001 .

[32]  Claire Vallance,et al.  Pixel Imaging Mass Spectrometry with fast and intelligent Pixel detectors , 2010 .

[33]  A. Nomerotski,et al.  Velocity map imaging in time of flight mass spectrometry. , 2008, The Review of scientific instruments.

[34]  P. Dorrestein,et al.  Imaging mass spectrometry in microbiology , 2011, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[35]  Eberhard Lehmann,et al.  Energy-selective neutron transmission imaging at a pulsed source , 2007 .

[36]  R. Heeren,et al.  Imaging Mass Spectrometry Using a Delay-Line Detector , 2010, European journal of mass spectrometry.

[37]  C Vallance,et al.  The application of the fast, multi-hit, pixel imaging mass spectrometry sensor to spatial imaging mass spectrometry. , 2012, The Review of scientific instruments.

[38]  L. Frasinski,et al.  Covariance Mapping: A Correlation Method Applied to Multiphoton Multiple Ionization , 1989, Science.

[39]  C. Cornaggia.  Statistical analysis of fragmentation channels of small multicharged molecular ions , 2012 .

[40]  B. D. Leskiw,et al.  Velocity map imaging mass spectrometry , 2006 .

[41]  R. Caprioli,et al.  Direct molecular analysis of whole-body animal tissue sections by imaging MALDI mass spectrometry. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[42]  R. Heeren,et al.  Detection systems for mass spectrometry imaging: a perspective on novel developments with a focus on active pixel detectors. , 2013, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[43]  Mikael P. Johansson,et al.  Control and femtosecond time-resolved imaging of torsion in a chiral molecule. , 2012, The Journal of chemical physics.

[44]  C. Vallance.  Generation, characterisation, and applications of atomic and molecular alignment and orientation. , 2011, Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP.

[45]  R. Caprioli,et al.  Direct imaging of single cells and tissue at sub-cellular spatial resolution using transmission geometry MALDI MS. , 2012, Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS.

[46]  K. Awazu,et al.  Construction of a novel stigmatic MALDI imaging mass spectrometer , 2008 .

[47]  R. Caprioli,et al.  Direct imaging of single cells and tissue at sub-cellular spatial resolution using transmission geometry MALDI MS. , 2012, Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS.

[48]  A. Kiss,et al.  Microscope mode secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging with a Timepix detector. , 2013, The Review of scientific instruments.

[49]  D. Chandler,et al.  Two‐dimensional imaging of state‐selected photodissociation products detected by multiphoton ionization , 1987 .

[50]  J. V. Vallerga,et al.  High Resolution Photon Counting With MCP-Timepix Quad Parallel Readout Operating at $> 1~{\rm KHz}$ Frame Rates , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[51]  Edoardo Charbon,et al.  Toward One Giga Frames per Second — Evolution of in Situ Storage Image Sensors , 2013, Sensors.

[52]  G. E. Smith,et al.  Charge coupled semiconductor devices , 1970, Bell Syst. Tech. J..

[53]  M. Vrakking,et al.  Velocity map imaging using an in-vacuum pixel detector. , 2009, The Review of scientific instruments.

[54]  Markus Strobl,et al.  Future prospects of imaging at spallation neutron sources , 2009 .

[55]  O. Dutuit,et al.  Double photoionization of SO2 and fragmentation spectroscopy of SO2++ studied by a photoion-photoion coincidence method , 1984 .