Risk of Myocardial Infarction Following Coronary Stent Implantation without Adequate Clopidogrel Treatment

D ie perkutane Koronarintervention (PCI, PTCA) schließt heute in der Regel eine Stentimplantation ein: In Deutschland erfolgt eine Stentimplantation bei etwa 80 Prozent aller Koronarinterventionen (e1). In den PCI-Leitlinien der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie (ESC) ist die Stentimplantation sowohl in nativen Koronararterien als auch in venösen Bypassgefäßen für De-novo-Stenosen oder Verschlüsse jeweils mit dem höchsten Empfehlungsgrad (IA) versehen (1). Koronarstents bestehen meist entweder aus reinem oder beschichtetem Edelstahl oder Kobalt-Chrom-Legierungen und stellen somit bei der Implantation einen thrombogenen Fremdkörper dar, der erst nach seiner vollständigen Endothelialisierung nicht mehr thrombogen ist. Die am meisten gefürchtete Komplikation nach Stentimplantation ist die akute, subakute oder späte Stentthrombose (Abbildung), die – vor allem wenn sie nach der Entlassung auftritt – häufig zum Tode führt. Zur Überbrückung der Einheilungsphase, das heißt zur Vermeidung eines plötzlich auftretenden, thrombotischen Stentverschlusses mit daraus resultierendem Herzinfarkt, steht die antithrombotische Therapie im Vordergrund der Nachbehandlung. Bei einer Basistherapie mit Acetylsalicylsäure (ASS) erwies sich die zusätzliche Gabe von Antikoagulantien (Heparin, Marcumar) als nicht ausreichend wirksam (2), sodass zunächst Koronarstents nur in Notfallsituationen (Dissekat mit drohendem, akuten Gefäßverschluss) eingesetzt wurden. Erst die duale Plättchenhemmung, das heißt die Kombination von ASS mit einem Thienopyridinderivat (Ticlopidin oder Clopidogrel) konnte hier den Durchbruch erzielen, sodass heute Koronarstents zur Verbesserung des Akutund Langzeitergebnisses, das heißt zur sofortigen Stabilisierung und zur Vermeidung einer „Schrumpfung“ des Koronargefäßes, verbreitet eingesetzt werden können. Clopidogrel ist aber für die Vorund Nachbehandlung einer Stentimplantation nicht zugelassen (e2), zumal eine Zulassung für diese Indikation auch nicht beantragt wurde. Die zugelassenen und in der Fachinformation empfohlenen Indikationen für Clopidogrel leiten sich vor allem aus der CAPRIE-Studie (3) ab. Die Anwendung ist zugelassen für Patienten nach einem Herzinfarkt, der wenige bis zu 35 Tage zurückliegt, nach einem ischämischem Schlaganfall, der sich vor sieben Tagen bis sechs Monaten ereignete oder bei nachgewieseÜBERSICHT

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