Three-dimensional paper-based slip device for one-step point-of-care testing

In this study, we developed a new type of paper-based analytical device (PAD), the three-dimensional (3D) slip-PAD, to detect infectious human norovirus for global healthcare. The 3D configuration of the papers combined with a slip design provides unique features and versatility that overcome the limitations of fluidic manipulation and sensitivity in point-of-care (POC) tests. The assay can be carried out in a single step based on a moveable slip design, making it suitable for unskilled users. The 3D fluidic network developed by layered construction of wax-patterned papers provides different fluidic paths for the sequential delivery of multiple fluids without the need for peripheral equipment. The release and mixing of enhancement reagents on the device improved the sensitivity and detection limit. The assay results could be visualized by naked eye within 10 min, with subsequent amplification of the signal over time (<60 min). The device showed a broad dynamic range of detection and high sensitivity, with a detection limit of 9.5 × 104 copies ml−1 for human norovirus. These results demonstrate that the 3D slip-PAD is a sensitive diagnostic assay for detecting human norovirus infection that is particularly suitable for POC testing in regions where resources are scarce.

[1]  Andres W. Martinez,et al.  Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices , 2009 .

[2]  Gi Hun Seong,et al.  Microfluidic chips for immunoassays. , 2013, Annual review of analytical chemistry.

[3]  Alfredo de la Escosura-Muñiz,et al.  Enhanced lateral flow immunoassay using gold nanoparticles loaded with enzymes. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[4]  Min-Gon Kim,et al.  Vertical flow immunoassay (VFA) biosensor for a rapid one-step immunoassay. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[5]  Richard M Crooks,et al.  Paper-based SlipPAD for high-throughput chemical sensing. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[6]  Da Xing,et al.  Fast identification of foodborne pathogenic viruses using continuous-flow reverse transcription-PCR with fluorescence detection , 2011 .

[7]  Richard M Crooks,et al.  Paper electrochemical device for detection of DNA and thrombin by target-induced conformational switching. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[8]  Dan Du,et al.  Nanomaterial-enhanced paper-based biosensors , 2014 .

[9]  Robert C. Wolpert,et al.  A Review of the , 1985 .

[10]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Three-dimensional microfluidic devices fabricated in layered paper and tape , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[11]  David Juncker,et al.  Capillarics: pre-programmed, self-powered microfluidic circuits built from capillary elements. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[12]  J. Vinjé,et al.  Diagnostic Accuracy and Analytical Sensitivity of IDEIA Norovirus Assay for Routine Screening of Human Norovirus , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[13]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Diagnostics for the developing world: microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[14]  Xiliang Wang,et al.  Development and application of lateral flow test strip technology for detection of infectious agents and chemical contaminants: a review , 2010, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[15]  Hee Jung Kang,et al.  Evaluation of the SD Bioline Norovirus rapid immunochromatography test using fecal specimens from Korean gastroenteritis patients , 2012, Journal of Virological Methods.

[16]  Kin Fong Lei,et al.  Colorimetric immunoassay chip based on gold nanoparticles and gold enhancement , 2009 .

[17]  K. Pombubpa,et al.  Assessment of a rapid immunochromatographic test for the diagnosis of norovirus gastroenteritis , 2012, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.

[18]  Gregory G. Lewis,et al.  A prototype point-of-use assay for measuring heavy metal contamination in water using time as a quantitative readout. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[19]  M. Tabrizian,et al.  Microfluidic designs and techniques using lab-on-a-chip devices for pathogen detection for point-of-care diagnostics. , 2012, Lab on a chip.

[20]  Jiang Gu,et al.  Gold and Silver Staining: Techniques in Molecular Morphology , 2002 .

[21]  Shenguang Ge,et al.  Photoelectrochemical lab-on-paper device based on an integrated paper supercapacitor and internal light source. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[22]  Paul Yager,et al.  Two-dimensional paper network format that enables simple multistep assays for use in low-resource settings in the context of malaria antigen detection. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[23]  David E. Williams,et al.  Point of care diagnostics: status and future. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[24]  George M Whitesides,et al.  Folding analytical devices for electrochemical ELISA in hydrophobic R(H) paper. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[25]  Zhi Zhu,et al.  Target-responsive DNA hydrogel mediated "stop-flow" microfluidic paper-based analytic device for rapid, portable and visual detection of multiple targets. , 2015, Analytical chemistry.

[26]  Richard C. Willson,et al.  Sensitive Detection of Norovirus Using Phage Nanoparticle Reporters in Lateral-Flow Assay , 2015, PloS one.

[27]  Veronica Leautaud,et al.  A Lateral Flow Assay for Quantitative Detection of Amplified HIV-1 RNA , 2012, PloS one.

[28]  Jan Vinjé,et al.  Advances in Laboratory Methods for Detection and Typing of Norovirus , 2014, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[29]  Fei Li,et al.  Advances in paper-based point-of-care diagnostics. , 2014, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[30]  R. Crooks,et al.  Three-dimensional paper microfluidic devices assembled using the principles of origami. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.