Diversity of G proteins in signal transduction

The heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) act as switches that regulate information processing circuits connecting cell surface receptors to a variety of effectors. The G proteins are present in all eukaryotic cells, and they control metabolic, humoral, neural, and developmental functions. More than a hundred different kinds of receptors and many different effectors have been described. The G proteins that coordinate receptor-effector activity are derived from a large gene family. At present, the family is known to contain at least sixteen different genes that encode the alpha subunit of the heterotrimer, four that encode beta subunits, and multiple genes encoding gamma subunits. Specific transient interactions between these components generate the pathways that modulate cellular responses to complex chemical signals.

[1]  P C Sternweis,et al.  Regulation of polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C activity by purified Gq. , 1991, Science.

[2]  P. Sternberg,et al.  Homologous and unique G protein alpha subunits in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. , 1991, Cell regulation.

[3]  Eric Wieschaus,et al.  The drosophila gastrulation gene concertina encodes a Gα-like protein , 1991, Cell.

[4]  Frank McCormick,et al.  The GTPase superfamily: conserved structure and molecular mechanism , 1991, Nature.

[5]  D. Hyde,et al.  dgq: A drosophila gene encoding a visual system-specific Gα molecule , 1990, Neuron.

[6]  M. Strathmann,et al.  G protein diversity: a distinct class of alpha subunits is present in vertebrates and invertebrates. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[7]  Frank McCormick,et al.  The GTPase superfamily: a conserved switch for diverse cell functions , 1990, Nature.

[8]  P. Sternweis,et al.  Purification of unique alpha subunits of GTP-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) by affinity chromatography with immobilized beta gamma subunits. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[9]  S. J. Taylor,et al.  Purification from bovine liver membranes of a guanine nucleotide-dependent activator of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Immunologic identification as a novel G-protein alpha subunit. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[10]  J. Thorner,et al.  Control of yeast mating signal transduction by a mammalian beta 2-adrenergic receptor and Gs alpha subunit. , 1990, Science.

[11]  M. Simon,et al.  G protein diversity is increased by associations with a variety of gamma subunits. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[12]  A. Brown,et al.  Heart rate regulation by G proteins acting on the cardiac pacemaker channel. , 1990, Science.

[13]  C. Malbon,et al.  Cross-regulation between G-protein-mediated pathways. Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase increases expression of the inhibitory G-protein, Gi alpha 2. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[14]  S. Reed,et al.  G protein mutations that alter the pheromone response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 1990, Molecular and cellular biology.

[15]  M. Simon,et al.  Alternative splicing produces transcripts encoding two forms of the alpha subunit of GTP-binding protein Go. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[16]  S. Mong,et al.  Purification of a phospholipase A2 from human monocytic leukemic U937 cells. Calcium-dependent activation and membrane association. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[17]  T. Katada,et al.  A simple structure encodes G protein-activating function of the IGF-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor , 1990, Cell.

[18]  Y. Fukada,et al.  Farnesylated γ-subunit of photoreceptor G protein indispensable for GTP-binding , 1990, Nature.

[19]  A. Hall,et al.  The cellular functions of small GTP-binding proteins. , 1990, Science.

[20]  L. Heasley,et al.  A G protein mutant that inhibits thrombin and purinergic receptor activation of phospholipase A2. , 1990, Science.

[21]  E. Kawasaki,et al.  Two G protein oncogenes in human endocrine tumors. , 1990, Science.

[22]  A. Brown,et al.  Beta gamma dimers of G proteins inhibit atrial muscarinic K+ channels. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[23]  H. Khorana,et al.  Sites of interaction in the complex between beta- and gamma-subunits of transducin. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[24]  P. Casey,et al.  G protein gamma subunits contain a 20-carbon isoprenoid. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  M. Gelb,et al.  Brain G protein gamma subunits contain an all-trans-geranylgeranylcysteine methyl ester at their carboxyl termini. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[26]  M. Caron,et al.  Turning off the signal: desensitization of β‐adrenergic receptor function , 1990, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[27]  Ellen,et al.  Novel localization of a G protein, Gz-alpha, in neurons of brain and retina , 1990, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[28]  L. G. Moss,et al.  Molecular cloning of a novel splice variant of the alpha subunit of the mammalian Go protein. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[29]  L. Ercolani,et al.  Membrane localization of the pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein subunits alpha i-2 and alpha i-3 and expression of a metallothionein-alpha i-2 fusion gene in LLC-PK1 cells. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[30]  L. Heasley,et al.  Mutation of the Gs protein alpha subunit NH2 terminus relieves an attenuator function, resulting in constitutive adenylyl cyclase stimulation , 1990, Molecular and cellular biology.

[31]  A. Brown,et al.  ras p21 and GAP inhibit coupling of muscarinic receptors to atrial K+ channels , 1990, Cell.

[32]  P. Devreotes,et al.  In vivo receptor-mediated phosphorylation of a G protein in Dictyostelium. , 1990, Science.

[33]  E. Neer,et al.  G0 is a major growth cone protein subject to regulation by GAP-43 , 1990, Nature.

[34]  T. Andersson,et al.  Involvement of GTP-binding proteins in actin polymerization in human neutrophils. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[35]  L. Helman,et al.  Molecular cloning of beta 3 subunit, a third form of the G protein beta-subunit polypeptide. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[36]  M. Simon,et al.  Gz, a guanine nucleotide-binding protein with unique biochemical properties. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[37]  I. Ota,et al.  The γ subunit of brain G‐proteins is methyl esterified at a C‐terminal cysteine , 1990 .

[38]  A. Archakov,et al.  Heme maintains catalytically active structure of cytochrome P‐450 , 1990, FEBS letters.

[39]  M. Rasenick,et al.  Tubulin binds specifically to the signal-transducing proteins, Gs alpha and Gi alpha 1. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[40]  R. Iyengar,et al.  Goprotein as signal transducer in the pertussis toxin-sensitive phosphatidylinositol pathway , 1990, Nature.

[41]  A. Brown,et al.  Ionic channels and their regulation by G protein subunits. , 1990, Annual review of physiology.

[42]  M. Brann,et al.  Myristoylation of an inhibitory GTP-binding protein alpha subunit is essential for its membrane attachment. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[43]  J. Gordon,et al.  G-protein alpha-subunit expression, myristoylation, and membrane association in COS cells. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[44]  I. Kulu.  Husbands as decision-makers in relation to family size: East-West regional differentials in Turkey. , 1990, Nufusbilim dergisi.

[45]  G. Schultz,et al.  Role of G proteins in calcium channel modulation. , 1990, Annual review of physiology.

[46]  L. Birnbaumer,et al.  G proteins in signal transduction. , 1990, Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology.

[47]  A. Gilman,et al.  Mutations of GS alpha designed to alter the reactivity of the protein with bacterial toxins. Substitutions at ARG187 result in loss of GTPase activity. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[48]  J. Hildebrandt,et al.  G protein subunit interactions. Studies with biotinylated G protein subunits. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[49]  M. Gelb,et al.  Human lamin B contains a farnesylated cysteine residue. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[50]  J. Hurley,et al.  The Drosophila Go alpha-like G protein gene produces multiple transcripts and is expressed in the nervous system and in ovaries. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[51]  W. Pak,et al.  Molecular characterization of Drosophila gene encoding G0 alpha subunit homolog. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[52]  A. Spiegel,et al.  Immunological and molecular characterization of Go alpha-like proteins in the Drosophila central nervous system. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[53]  K. Matsumoto,et al.  MSI1, a negative regulator of the RAS-cAMP pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[54]  P. Casey,et al.  p21ras is modified by a farnesyl isoprenoid. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[55]  E. Neer,et al.  Neuronal expression of a newly identified Drosophila melanogaster G protein alpha 0 subunit. , 1989, Cell regulation.

[56]  M. Simon,et al.  Diversity of the G-protein family: Sequences from five additional α subunits in the mouse , 1989 .

[57]  P. Sternweis,et al.  Isolation of the alpha subunits of GTP-binding regulatory proteins by affinity chromatography with immobilized beta gamma subunits. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[58]  C. Slaughter,et al.  Existence of two gamma subunits of the G proteins in brain. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[59]  H. Bourne,et al.  Mutations in the GTP-binding site of GS alpha alter stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[60]  J. Beggs,et al.  The product of the PRP4 gene of S. cerevisiae shows homology to β subunits of G proteins , 1989, Cell.

[61]  P. Devreotes.  Dictyostelium discoideum: a model system for cell-cell interactions in development. , 1989, Science.

[62]  H. Bourne,et al.  GTPase inhibiting mutations activate the α chain of Gs and stimulate adenylyl cyclase in human pituitary tumours , 1989, Nature.

[63]  L. Brass,et al.  Thrombin and phorbol esters cause the selective phosphorylation of a G protein other than Gi in human platelets. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[64]  C. Slaughter,et al.  Adenylyl cyclase amino acid sequence: possible channel- or transporter-like structure. , 1989, Science.

[65]  K. Arai,et al.  GPA1Val-50 mutation in the mating-factor signaling pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 1989, Molecular and cellular biology.

[66]  C. Auffray,et al.  Physical linkage of a guanine nucleotide-binding protein-related gene to the chicken major histocompatibility complex. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[67]  M. Forte,et al.  The Drosophila gene coding for the alpha subunit of a stimulatory G protein is preferentially expressed in the nervous system. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[68]  R. Aebersold,et al.  A G protein gamma subunit shares homology with ras proteins. , 1989, Science.

[69]  J. W. Goh,et al.  A pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein in hippocampal long-term potentiation. , 1989, Science.

[70]  D. T. Jones,et al.  Golf: an olfactory neuron specific-G protein involved in odorant signal transduction. , 1989, Science.

[71]  S. Y. Lee,et al.  Studies of inositol phospholipid-specific phospholipase C. , 1989, Science.

[72]  J. Hancock,et al.  Post‐translational processing of p21ras is two‐step and involves carboxyl‐methylation and carboxy‐terminal proteolysis. , 1989, The EMBO journal.

[73]  S. Holbrook,et al.  Molecular model of the G protein alpha subunit based on the crystal structure of the HRAS protein. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[74]  M. Chabre,et al.  Molecular mechanism of visual transduction. , 1989, European journal of biochemistry.

[75]  P. Sternweis,et al.  Differential G protein—mediated coupling of neurotransmitter receptors to Ca2+ channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro , 1989, Neuron.

[76]  P. Casey,et al.  G protein beta gamma subunits from bovine brain and retina: equivalent catalytic support of ADP-ribosylation of alpha subunits by pertussis toxin but differential interactions with Gs alpha. , 1989, Biochemistry.

[77]  A. Gilman,et al.  Expression of Gs alpha in Escherichia coli. Purification and properties of two forms of the protein. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[78]  H. Bourne,et al.  Hydrolysis of GTP by the α‐chain of Gs and other GTP binding proteins , 1989 .

[79]  R. Iyengar,et al.  Molecular basis of regulation of ionic channels by G proteins. , 1989, Recent progress in hormone research.

[80]  S. Artavanis-Tsakonas,et al.  A deduced gene product from the Drosophila neurogenic locus, Enhancer of split, shows homology to mammalian G-protein β subunit , 1988, Cell.

[81]  J. Hurley,et al.  Cloning of a Drosophila melanogaster guanine nucleotide regulatory protein beta-subunit gene and characterization of its expression during development. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[82]  S. Siegelbaum,et al.  Role of two different guanine nucleotide-binding proteins in the antagonistic modulation of the S-type K+ channel by cAMP and arachidonic acid metabolites in Aplysia sensory neurons. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[83]  J. Pouysségur,et al.  Serotonin stimulates DNA synthesis in fibroblasts acting through 5–HT1B receptors coupled to a Gi-protein , 1988, Nature.

[84]  D. E. Somers,et al.  A Drosophila melanogaster G protein alpha subunit gene is expressed primarily in embryos and pupae. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[85]  H. Hamm,et al.  Site of G protein binding to rhodopsin mapped with synthetic peptides from the alpha subunit. , 1988, Science.

[86]  M. Matsuoka,et al.  Sequence analysis of cDNA and genomic DNA for a putative pertussis toxin-insensitive guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein alpha subunit. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[87]  H. Bourne,et al.  Carboxyl terminal domain of Gs alpha specifies coupling of receptors to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. , 1988, Science.

[88]  A. Brown,et al.  The stimulatory G protein of adenylyl cyclase, Gs, also stimulates dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels. Evidence for direct regulation independent of phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase or stimulation by a dihydropyridine agonist. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[89]  M. Simon,et al.  G protein multiplicity in eukaryotic signal transduction systems. , 1988, Biochemistry.

[90]  R. Deschenes,et al.  Posttranslational modification of the Ha-ras oncogene protein: evidence for a third class of protein carboxyl methyltransferases. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[91]  E. Neer,et al.  The amino terminus of G protein alpha subunits is required for interaction with beta gamma. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[92]  M. Simon,et al.  Identification of a GTP-binding protein alpha subunit that lacks an apparent ADP-ribosylation site for pertussis toxin. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[93]  N. Shimada,et al.  Membrane-associated nucleoside diphosphate kinase from rat liver. Purification, characterization, and comparison with cytosolic enzyme. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[94]  K. Arai,et al.  Isolation of a second yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene (GPA2) coding for guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein: studies on its structure and possible functions. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[95]  M. Nakafuku,et al.  Structures of the genes coding for G-protein alpha subunits from mammalian and yeast cells. , 1988, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[96]  K. Arai,et al.  The role of G proteins in yeast signal transduction. , 1988, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[97]  E. Helmreich,et al.  Structural and functional relationships of guanosine triphosphate binding proteins. , 1988, Current topics in cellular regulation.

[98]  D. T. Jones,et al.  Molecular cloning of five GTP-binding protein cDNA species from rat olfactory neuroepithelium. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[99]  J. Kurjan,et al.  The yeast SCG1 gene: A Gα-like protein implicated in the a- and α-factor response pathway , 1987, Cell.

[100]  K. Arai,et al.  GPA1, a haploid-specific essential gene, encodes a yeast homolog of mammalian G protein which may be involved in mating factor signal transduction , 1987, Cell.

[101]  T. Katada,et al.  A novel mechanism for the inhibition of adenylate cyclase via inhibitory GTP-binding proteins. Calmodulin-dependent inhibition of the cyclase catalyst by the beta gamma-subunits of GTP-binding proteins. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[102]  A. Gilman,et al.  A second form of the beta subunit of signal-transducing G proteins. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[103]  P. Casey,et al.  Expression of cDNAs for G proteins in Escherichia coli. Two forms of Gs alpha stimulate adenylate cyclase. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[104]  H. Hamm,et al.  Topographic analysis of antigenic determinants recognized by monoclonal antibodies to the photoreceptor guanyl nucleotide-binding protein, transducin. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[105]  J. Axelrod,et al.  Stimulation of phospholipase A2 activity in bovine rod outer segments by the beta gamma subunits of transducin and its inhibition by the alpha subunit. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[106]  B. Birren,et al.  Distinct forms of the beta subunit of GTP-binding regulatory proteins identified by molecular cloning. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[107]  M. Caron,et al.  Functional differences in the beta gamma complexes of transducin and the inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. , 1987, Biochemistry.

[108]  G. Schultz,et al.  The GTP-binding protein, Go9 regulates neuronal calcium channels , 1987, Nature.

[109]  S. Tate,et al.  Membrane translocation and insertion of NH2‐terminally anchored γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase require a signal recognition particle , 1987, FEBS letters.

[110]  J. Northup,et al.  Purification of a beta 35 form of the beta gamma complex common to G-proteins from human placental membranes. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[111]  The role of beta, gamma-subunits of guanine nucleotide binding proteins in control of a reconstituted signal transmission chain containing purified components of the adenylate cyclase system. , 1987, Journal of receptor research.

[112]  W. Heideman,et al.  Identification of receptor contact site involved in receptor–G protein coupling , 1987, Nature.

[113]  A. Gilman,et al.  G proteins: transducers of receptor-generated signals. , 1987, Annual review of biochemistry.

[114]  M. Pines,et al.  Multisite phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of transducin by the insulin receptor kinase and protein kinase C. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[115]  D. Stengel,et al.  β‐Subunits of the human liver Gs/Gi signal‐transducing proteins and those of bovine retinal rod cell transducin are identical , 1986, FEBS letters.

[116]  R. Stroud,et al.  Family of G protein α chains: amphipathic analysis and predicted structure of functional domains , 1986 .

[117]  T. Ikeuchi,et al.  Characterization of nucleoside-diphosphate kinase-associated guanine nucleotide-binding proteins from HeLa S3 cells. , 1986, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[118]  T. Katada,et al.  Two guanine nucleotide-binding proteins in rat brain serving as the specific substrate of islet-activating protein, pertussis toxin. Interaction of the alpha-subunits with beta gamma-subunits in development of their biological activities. , 1986, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[119]  R. Doolittle,et al.  Repetitive segmental structure of the transducin beta subunit: homology with the CDC4 gene and identification of related mRNAs. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[120]  R. Lefkowitz,et al.  Functional reconstitution of the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor with guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins in phospholipid vesicles. , 1986, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[121]  P. Sternweis,et al.  Relationships within the family of GTP-binding proteins isolated from bovine central nervous system. , 1985, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[122]  E. Neer,et al.  Characterization by two-dimensional peptide mapping of the gamma subunits of Ns and Ni, the regulatory proteins of adenylyl cyclase, and of transducin, the guanine nucleotide-binding protein of rod outer segments of the eye. , 1985, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[123]  K. Sugimoto,et al.  Primary structure of the β‐subunit of bovine transducin deduced from the cDNA sequence , 1985, FEBS letters.

[124]  L. Birnbaumer,et al.  Antisera against a guanine nucleotide binding protein from retina cross-react with the beta subunit of the adenylyl cyclase-associated guanine nucleotide binding proteins, Ns and Ni. , 1985, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[125]  M. Simon,et al.  Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone for the gamma subunit of bovine retinal transducin. , 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[126]  T. Katada,et al.  The inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. Properties and function of the purified protein. , 1984, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[127]  A. Gilman.  G proteins and dual control of adenylate cyclase , 1984, Cell.

[128]  Hall Kr.  Regional homology in GTP-binding proto-oncogene products and elongation factors , 1983 .