Cholinergic enhancement increases regional cerebral blood flow to the posterior cingulate cortex in mild Alzheimer's disease

The brain region that shows reductions in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) earliest is the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), which is thought to have a relationship with cognitive function. We made a hypothesis that the PCC hypoperfusion is a result of cholinergic dysfunction and can be restored by cholinergic enhancement. This present longitudinal study aimed to detect the restoration of PCC rCBF in response to donepezil, an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor.

[1]  S. de Santi,et al.  Pre-clinical detection of Alzheimer's disease using FDG-PET, with or without amyloid imaging. , 2010, Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD.

[2]  Torsten Rohlfing,et al.  Cerebral blood flow in posterior cortical nodes of the default mode network decreases with task engagement but remains higher than in most brain regions. , 2011, Cerebral cortex.

[3]  R T Staff,et al.  Changes in the rCBF images of patients with Alzheimer's disease receiving Donepezil therapy , 2000, Nuclear medicine communications.

[4]  Ashley I. Bush,et al.  Dietary and lifestyle guidelines for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease , 2014, Neurobiology of Aging.

[5]  H. Hanyu,et al.  SPECT Follow‐Up Study of Cerebral Blood Flow Changes During Donepezil Therapy in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease , 2006, Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging.

[6]  K. Hasegawa,et al.  Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Donepezil on Cognitive and Global Function in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease , 2000, Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders.

[7]  S. Kumita,et al.  Development of quantitative analysis method for stereotactic brain image: Assessment of reduced accumulation in extent and severity using anatomical segmentation , 2003, Annals of nuclear medicine.

[8]  M. Viitanen,et al.  PET amyloid ligand [11C]PIB uptake is increased in mild cognitive impairment , 2007, Neurology.

[9]  D. Sharp,et al.  The role of the posterior cingulate cortex in cognition and disease. , 2014, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[10]  J C Mazziotta,et al.  Automated labeling of the human brain: A preliminary report on the development and evaluation of a forward‐transform method , 1997, Human brain mapping.

[11]  O. Sporns,et al.  Mapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex , 2008, PLoS biology.

[12]  H Matsuda,et al.  Donepezil hydrochloride preserves regional cerebral blood flow in patients with Alzheimer's disease. , 2001, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[13]  R. Doody,et al.  Chronic Donepezil Treatment Is Associated with Slowed Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease , 2001, Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders.

[14]  R. Koeppe,et al.  A diagnostic approach in Alzheimer's disease using three-dimensional stereotactic surface projections of fluorine-18-FDG PET. , 1995, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[15]  Toshihiko Kinoshita,et al.  Effectiveness of treatment with donepezil hydrochloride and changes in regional cerebral blood flow in patients with Alzheimer's disease , 2007, Annals of nuclear medicine.

[16]  Y Yonekura,et al.  A Multicenter Validation of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Quantitation Using [123I]Iodoamphetamine and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography , 1996, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[17]  Kazuki Fujii,et al.  Quantitative analysis of the effects of donepezil on regional cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer’s disease by using an automated program, 3DSRT , 2008, Neuroradiology.

[18]  M. Folstein,et al.  Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS—ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease , 2011, Neurology.

[19]  M. Kameyama.  Lassen's Equation is a Good Approximation of Permeability-Surface Model: New α Values for 99mTc-HMPAO and 99mTc-ECD , 2014, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[20]  Satoru Mori,et al.  Regional cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer’s disease: Comparison between short and long-term donepezil therapy , 2006, Annals of nuclear medicine.

[21]  N. Foster,et al.  Metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex in very early Alzheimer's disease , 1997, Annals of neurology.

[22]  T. Momose,et al.  [Stepwise analysis of cerebral blood flow SPECT imaging on standard brain atlas in patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type]. , 1998, Kaku igaku. The Japanese journal of nuclear medicine.

[23]  Paolo Vitali,et al.  Effects of long-term Donepezil therapy on rCBF of Alzheimer's patients , 2002, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[24]  T. Kumamoto,et al.  Evaluation of the Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Changes during Long‐Term Donepezil Therapy in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease Using 3DSRT , 2012, Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging.

[25]  Swen Hesse,et al.  Decreased cerebral α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease assessed with positron emission tomography , 2011, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.

[26]  Ilana S. Hairston,et al.  Environmental Enrichment Reduces Aβ Levels and Amyloid Deposition in Transgenic Mice , 2005, Cell.

[27]  G L Shulman,et al.  INAUGURAL ARTICLE by a Recently Elected Academy Member:A default mode of brain function , 2001 .

[28]  R. Doody,et al.  Long-term efficacy and safety of donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: final analysis of a US multicentre open-label study , 2000, European Neuropsychopharmacology.

[29]  Francis Eustache,et al.  Posterior cingulate hypometabolism in early Alzheimer's disease: what is the contribution of local atrophy versus disconnection? , 2009, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[30]  V. Hachinski,et al.  Revised ischemic score for diagnosing multi-infarct dementia. , 1986, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.