DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT C: CITIZENS' RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS

This briefing note starts from the assumption that differentiated integration is already a reality in the EU27 and that the degree of flexibility is most likely to increase in future. The paper lists and analyses nine key lessons from the (recent) past and on that basis draws a number of conclusions for the (near) future with respect to a higher level of differentiation in the area of economic, fiscal and monetary affairs.

[1]  M. Kaye.  The Hague convention and the flight from domestic violence: how women and children are being returned by coach and four , 1999 .

[2]  I. Frieze,et al.  Stopping Rape: Successful Survival Strategies , 1985, Violence and Victims.

[3]  Patricia A. McDaniel,et al.  Self-defense training and women's fear of crime☆ , 1993 .

[4]  S. Walby.  Improving the statistics on violence against women , 2006 .

[5]  Strategic Change in Terrorist Movements: Lessons from Hamas , 2009 .

[6]  Peter Mceleavy.  Evaluating the Views of Abducted Children: Trends in Appellate Case-Law , 2011 .

[7]  Carol S. Bruch.  Sound Research or Wishful Thinking in Child Custody Cases? Lessons from Relocation Law* , 2006 .

[8]  C. Bell.  Violent Partners: A Breakthrough Plan for Ending the Cycle of Abuse , 2008 .

[9]  Jean‐claude Piris.  The Future of Europe: Towards a Two-Speed EU? , 2012 .

[10]  Jean-Marc Dinant,et al.  Application of Convention 108 to the profiling mechanism Some ideas for the future work of the consultative committee ( TPD ) , 2008 .

[11]  Jill Cermele,et al.  Telling Our Stories: The Importance of Women’s Narratives of Resistance , 2010, Violence against women.

[12]  V. Rodríguez,et al.  International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. , 1988, Annual review of population law.

[13]  Jean-Philippe Brouant,et al.  Code de la construction et de l'habitation , 2011 .

[14]  Carol E. Jordan.  Advancing the Study of Violence Against Women , 2009, Violence against women.

[15]  Daniel A. Levinthal,et al.  Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning , 2007 .

[16]  N. Gavey.  Just Sex?: The Cultural Scaffolding of Rape , 2005 .

[17]  R. Hegar,et al.  When Parents Kidnap: The Families behind the Headlines , 1992 .

[18]  Cedric Ryngaert,et al.  Good governance: lessons from international organizations , 2004 .

[19]  T. Wahl.  The European Union as an Actor in the Fight Against Terrorism , 2010 .

[20]  Stephanie Farrior.  The Due Diligence Standard and Violence Against Women , 2011 .

[21]  Tracy L Simpson,et al.  Taking Charge , 2006, Journal of interpersonal violence.

[22]  Jocelyn A. Hollander.  Why Do Women Take Self-Defense Classes? , 2010, Violence against women.

[23]  A. K. Cronin.  How al-Qaida Ends: The Decline and Demise of Terrorist Groups , 2006, International Security.

[24]  J. Morsink,et al.  The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting, and Intent , 1999 .

[25]  Peter Ripley.  A Defence of the Established Approach to the Grave Risk Exception in the Hague Child Abduction Convention , 2008 .

[26]  J. Kuipers.  The Law Applicable to Divorce as Test Ground for Enhanced Cooperation , 2012 .

[27]  F. Schimmelfennig,et al.  DIFFERENTIATED INTEGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: MANY CONCEPTS, SPARSE THEORY, FEW DATA , 2012 .

[28]  Gerardo Meil.  Social surveys on domestic violence against women in Spain , 2006 .

[29]  A. Fiorini.  Enlevements Internationaux D'enfants - Solutions Internationales et Responsabilites Etatiques , 2006 .

[30]  L. Silberman.  The Hague Convention on Child Abduction and Unilateral Relocations by Custodial Parents: A Perspective from the United States and Europe – Abbott, Neulinger, Zarraga , 2011 .

[31]  W. Downs,et al.  Women's Use of Physical and Nonphysical Self-Defense Strategies During Incidents of Partner Violence , 2007, Violence against women.

[32]  R. Emery.  The Truth About Children and Divorce: Dealing with the Emotions So You and Your Children Can Thrive , 2004 .

[33]  J. Cermele.  Teaching Resistance to Teach Resistance: The Use of Self-Defense in Teaching Undergraduates about Gender Violence. , 2004 .

[34]  F. Rue.  Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression , 2012 .

[35]  A. M. Scott.  From a State-Centered Approach to Transnational Openness: Adapting the Hague Convention with Contemporary Human Rights Standards as Codified in the Convention on the Rights of the Child , 2004 .

[36]  C. Runyan,et al.  Primary Prevention of Violence Against Women , 2009, Violence against women.

[37]  A. Stubb.  A Categorization of Differentiated Integration , 1996 .

[38]  S. Aznar.  Malas prácticas bancarias en la actividad hipotecaria , 2011 .

[39]  Maurycy Allerhand.  Kodeks postępowania cywilnego , 1932 .

[40]  H. V. Loon.  The Hague Conference on Private International Law , 2005 .

[41]  M. Bevacqua.  Rape on the Public Agenda: Feminism and the Politics of Sexual Assault , 2000 .

[42]  P. Beaumont,et al.  The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction , 1999 .

[43]  A. Estin.  Families Across Borders: The Hague Children's Conventions and the Case for International Family Law in the United States , 2010 .

[44]  Anne Maria Holli,et al.  Women's citizenship and political rights , 2006 .

[45]  S. Burrow.  Protecting One's Commitments: Integrity and Self-Defense , 2012 .

[46]  Self-Defense/Assertiveness Training, Women’s Victimization History, and Psychological Characteristics , 2004 .

[47]  N. Taylor,et al.  International Research Evidence on Relocation: Past, Present, and Future , 2010 .

[48]  P. Romito.  A deafening silence: Hidden violence against women and children , 2008 .

[49]  R. Flecha,et al.  Opening schools to all (women): efforts to overcome gender violence in Spain , 2009 .

[50]  D. Grubin.  Understanding Sexual Violence: A Study of Convicted Rapists , 1991 .

[51]  L. Kelly,et al.  Achievements Against the Grain: Self- Defence Training for Women and Girls in Europe , 2006 .

[52]  J. Olsen,et al.  The European Commission , 2020, The European Union.

[53]  J. Edleson,et al.  Adult Domestic Violence in Cases of International Parental Child Abduction , 2005, Violence against women.

[54]  B. Akkermans.  The Principle of Numerus Clausus in European Property Law , 2008 .

[55]  J. Argomaniz.  The EU and Counter-Terrorism: Politics, Polity and Policies after 9/11 , 2011 .

[56]  Peter Mceleavy.  The New Child Abduction Regime in the European Union: Symbiotic Relationship or Forced Partnership? , 2005 .

[57]  Dora Kostakopoulou,et al.  An open and secure Europe? Fixity and fissures in the area of freedom, security and justice after Lisbon and Stockholm , 2010 .

[58]  Optimising the Mechanism for ‘Enhanced Cooperation’ within the EU: Recommendations for the Constitutional Treaty. CEPS Policy Brief No. 33, May 2003 , 2003 .

[59]  D. Cervone,et al.  Generalization effects of coping-skills training: influence of self-defense training on women's efficacy beliefs, assertiveness, and aggression. , 2000, The Journal of applied psychology.

[60]  Peter-Christian Müller-Graff,et al.  ‚Differenzierte Integration‘: Konzept mit sprengender oder unitarisierender Kraft für die Europäische Union? , 2007 .

[61]  Lindsay M. Orchowski,et al.  Evaluation of a Sexual Assault Risk Reduction and Self-Defense Program: A Prospective Analysis of a Revised Protocol , 2008 .

[62]  K. Welde,et al.  Getting Physical , 2003 .

[63]  D. Looser.  Radical Bodies and Dangerous Ladies: Martial Arts and Women's Performance, 1900–1918 , 2010, Theatre Research International.

[64]  Christopher W. Moore.  The Mediation Process: Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict , 1996 .

[65]  S. Singer,et al.  What makes Croatia a (non)entrepreneurial country , 2003 .

[66]  Gerda. Falkner.  Das Maastrichter Sozialprotokoll : Differenzierte Integration wider Willen. , 1998 .

[67]  A. Leitner,et al.  Wirkungsanalyse frauenfördernder Maßnahmen des bm:bwk , 2007 .

[68]  N. Woods.  Good Governance in International Organizations , 1999, Understanding Global Cooperation.

[69]  Sylwia Lindqvist.  Transaction cost and transparency on the owner-occupied housing market : an international comparison , 2011 .

[70]  S. Maldonado.  Cultivating Forgiveness: Reducing Hostility and Conflict After Divorce , 2007 .

[71]  Edwin Bakker,et al.  Jihadi terrorists in Europe their characteristics and the circumstances in which they joined the jihad : an exploratory study , 2006 .

[72]  S. Bewley,et al.  Domestic violence: prevalence in pregnant women and associations with physical and psychological health. , 2004, European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology.

[73]  J. Halloran.  Family Law and the Indissolubility of Parenthood , 2012 .

[74]  M. Sattler.  The Problem of Parental Relocation: Closingthe Loophole in the Law of InternationalChild Abduction , 2010 .

[75]  L. R. Brecklin.  Evaluation outcomes of self-defense training for women: A review , 2008 .

[76]  Terri L. Messman-Moore,et al.  Child Sexual Abuse and Revictimization in the Form of Adult Sexual Abuse, Adult Physical Abuse, and Adult Psychological Maltreatment , 2000 .

[77]  Victoria Stephens,et al.  Children's welfare and human rights under the 1980 Hague Abduction Convention – the ruling in Re E , 2012 .

[78]  T. Kruger.  International Child Abduction: The Inadequacies of the Law , 2011 .

[79]  Rekha Pande.  The Public Face of a Private Domestic Violence , 2002 .

[80]  J. Nicolas.  Secretary of state for the home department , 2010 .

[81]  Simon. Duke.  The European Security Strategy in a Comparative Framework: Does it Make for Secure Alliances in a Better World? , 2004, European Foreign Affairs Review.

[82]  K. Horosova,et al.  The Operation of the 1980 Hague Abduction Convention - A Global View , 2007 .

[83]  Peter Mceleavy.  Judicial communication and co-operation and the Hague Convention on international child abduction , 2012 .

[84]  J. Biden,et al.  Women and Violence , 2019, Britain's Pacification of Palestine.

[85]  L. Hengehold.  When Safety Becomes a Duty: Gender, Loneliness, and Citizenship for Urban Women , 2011 .

[86]  Taryn Lindhorst.  Battered Women, Their Children, and International Law: The Unintended Consequences of the Hague Child Abduction Convention , 2012 .

[87]  Rik Coolsaet,et al.  EU Counterterrorism Strategy: Value Added or Chimera? , 2010 .

[88]  C. Pesce.  Sottrazione internazionale di minori nell’Unione Europea: il coordinamento tra il Regolamento (CE) n. 2201/2003 e la Convenzione dell’Aja del 1980 , 2011 .

[89]  C. Walter,et al.  Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on Combating Terrorism , 2004 .

[90]  Oona Brooks.  'Guys! Stop doing it!': young women's adoption and rejection of safety advice when socializing in bars, pubs and clubs , 2011 .

[91]  The Roots of Resistance to Women's Self-Defense , 2009, Violence against women.

[92]  S. Weatherill,et al.  The European Community's Competence for a Comprehensive Harmonisation of Contract Law - an Empirical Analysis , 2005 .

[93]  Traditional martial arts versus modern self-defense training for women: Some comments , 2009 .

[94]  Michelle S. Ballan,et al.  Self-Defense Among Women With Disabilities , 2012, Violence against women.

[95]  Juan Herrero,et al.  Acceptability of domestic violence against women in the European Union: a multilevel analysis , 2006, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

[96]  Pierre Lascoumes,et al.  Reluctant partners? , 2011 .

[97]  T. Franck.  The Power Of Legitimacy Among Nations , 1990 .

[98]  Oldřich Bureš,et al.  EU Counterterrorism Policy: A Paper Tiger? , 2006 .

[99]  Ruth A. Lamont.  Mainstreaming Gender into European Family Law? The Case of International Child Abduction and Brussels II Revised , 2011 .

[100]  Margaret E. Madden,et al.  Teaching Women Self-Defense: Pedagogical Issues , 1997 .

[101]  T. Fischer,et al.  Strafgesetzbuch und Nebengesetze , 1997 .

[102]  Christoph O. Meyer.  International terrorism as a force of homogenization? A constructivist approach to understanding cross-national threat perceptions and responses , 2009 .

[103]  P. Blanco.  Litigios sobre la custodia y sustracción internacional de menores , 2008 .

[104]  M. McCaughey.  The Fighting Spirit , 1998 .

[105]  An imperfect feminist journey: Reflections on the process to develop an effective sexual assault resistance programme for university women , 2011 .

[106]  R. J. Berger,et al.  THE FEMINIST SELF-DEFENSE MOVEMENT: , 1987 .

[107]  Jocelyn A. Hollander.  “I Can Take Care of Myself” , 2004 .

[108]  Jacquelyn C. Campbell,et al.  Voices of Strength and Resistance , 1998 .

[109]  R. Pratt,et al.  Domestic violence against women: Understanding social processes and women's experiences , 2009 .

[110]  The Substance, Scholarship, and Science of Research on Violence Against Women , 2009, Violence against women.

[111]  R. Campbell.  Science, Social Change, and Ending Violence Against Women , 2009, Violence against women.

[112]  M. Maruani.  Femmes, genre et sociétés, l'état des savoirs , 2005 .

[113]  Bertrand Ancel,et al.  L'intérêt supérieur de l'enfant dans le concert des juridictions : le Règlement Bruxelles II bis , 2005 .

[114]  Mireille Hildebrandt,et al.  Defining Profiling: A New Type of Knowledge? , 2008, Profiling the European Citizen.

[115]  C. Hagemann-White.  European Research on the Prevalence of Violence Against Women , 2001 .

[116]  G. Russell,et al.  The Role of the Group in Acquiring Self-Defense Skills , 2000 .

[117]  L. Kelly.  Surviving sexual violence , 1988 .

[118]  Barbara Lippert,et al.  Assoziierung plus gesamteuropäische Aufgabenkonföderation: Plädoyer für eine selbstbewusste EU-Nachbarschaftspolitik , 2006 .

[119]  Anne L. Clunan.  The Fight against Terrorist Financing , 2006 .

[120]  Lara Walker.  The Impact of the Hague Abduction Convention on the Rights of the Family in the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Un Human Rights Committee: The Danger of Neulinger , 2010 .

[121]  M. Jaspard.  Les violences contre les femmes , 2005 .

[122]  L. D. Elrod.  'Please Let Me Stay': Hearing the Voice of the Child in Hague Abduction Cases , 2012 .

[123]  Rory O'Connell,et al.  Cinderella comes to the Ball: Art 14 and the right to non-discrimination in the ECHR , 2009, Legal Studies.

[124]  Ben Bowling,et al.  The serious organised crime agency: Should we be afraid? , 2006 .

[125]  Rik Panganiban,et al.  The World Summit on the Information Society , 2004 .

[126]  S. Ullman,et al.  Self-Defense or Assertiveness Training and Women’s Responses to Sexual Attacks , 2005, Journal of interpersonal violence.

[127]  K. Hollingsworth,et al.  The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction , 2005 .

[128]  R. McQuigg.  The Responses of States to the Comments of the CEDAW Committee on Domestic Violence , 2007 .

[129]  P. Beaumont,et al.  Shifting The Balance Achieved by the Abduction Convention: The Contrasting Approaches of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Justice , 2011 .

[130]  Funda Tekin.  Differentiated Integration at Work: The Institutionalisation and Implementation of Opt-Outs from European Integration in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice , 2012 .

[131]  L. Sabbadini,et al.  Italian survey on violence against women , 2006 .

[132]  T. Simpson,et al.  Making a Case for Personal Safety , 2004, Journal of interpersonal violence.