Semantic Network Language Generation based on a Semantic Networks Serialization Grammar

This paper studies the Semantic Network Language Generation (SNLG), which is used to generate natural language from the information represented as Semantic Networks (SN). After a brief analysis of the challenges faced by SNLG, a Semantic Network Serialization Grammar (SNSG) is proposed to generate natural language from semantic networks. The SNSG is constituted by four components: (a) a semantic pattern approach to serializing a trivial semantic star into a language stream. (b) a transformative generation to serialize a trivial semantic tree by serializing semantic star recursively. (c) a procedure of trivialization to convert any complicated semantic star or semantic tree into composition of trivial semantic tree. (d) a mechanism of semantic pattern priority and semantic pattern network to guarantee a sentence generated from a semantic tree to be well formed. Based on the SNSG, a new approach of the content planning for SNLG is proposed to improve the content integrity. For discourse planning, a trivialization time splitting method is presented to make well-formed sentence, and a splitting time aggregation method is proposed to improve the readability of sentence. Finally a fully semantized Semantic Wiki system, the Natural Wiki, is developed to verify and demonstrate the theory and techniques addressed in this paper.

[1]  Robert F. Simmons,et al.  Generating English discourse from semantic networks , 1972, CACM.

[2]  J. Sowa.  Semantics of Conceptual Graphs , 1979, ACL.

[3]  Stuart C. Shapiro,et al.  Generalized Augmented Transition Network Grammars for Generation from Semantic Networks , 1979, ACL.

[4]  Walter L. Ruzzo,et al.  An Improved Context-Free Recognizer , 1980, ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst..

[5]  Ronald J. Brachman,et al.  An Overview of the KL-ONE Knowledge Representation System , 1985, Cogn. Sci..

[6]  Martin Kay,et al.  Parsing in functional unification grammar , 1986 .

[7]  William C. Mann,et al.  RHETORICAL STRUCTURE THEORY: A THEORY OF TEXT ORGANIZATION , 1987 .

[8]  Stuart C. Shapiro,et al.  Encyclopedia of artificial intelligence, vols. 1 and 2 (2nd ed.) , 1992 .

[9]  Daniel Dominic Sleator,et al.  Parsing English with a Link Grammar , 1995, IWPT.

[10]  Ivan A. Sag,et al.  Book Reviews: Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar and German in Head-driven Phrase-structure Grammar , 1996, CL.

[11]  Chris Mellish,et al.  Sentence Generation from Conceptual Graphs , 1995, ICCS.

[12]  Robert Dale,et al.  Building applied natural language generation systems , 1997, Natural Language Engineering.

[13]  Aravind K. Joshi,et al.  Tree-Adjoining Grammars , 1997, Handbook of Formal Languages.

[14]  Günter Neumann,et al.  Applying Explanation-based Learning to Control and Speeding-up Natural Language Generation , 1997, ACL.

[15]  Kalina Bontcheva.  Generation of multilingual explanations from conceptual graphs , 1997 .

[16]  Horst Bunke,et al.  A New Algorithm for Error-Tolerant Subgraph Isomorphism Detection , 1998, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[17]  Daniel S. Paiva July.  A Survey of Applied Natural Language Generation Systems , 1998 .

[18]  Horst Bunke,et al.  Recent developments in graph matching , 2000, Proceedings 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. ICPR-2000.

[19]  James H. Martin,et al.  Speech and language processing: an introduction to natural language processing, computational linguistics, and speech recognition, 2nd Edition , 2000, Prentice Hall series in artificial intelligence.

[20]  Alexander I. Rudnicky,et al.  Stochastic Language Generation for Spoken Dialogue Systems , 2000 .

[21]  Stuart C. Reviewer-Shapiro.  Review of Knowledge representation: logical, philosophical, and computational foundations by John F. Sowa. Brooks/Cole 2000. , 2001 .

[22]  Eric Fosler-Lussier,et al.  Hybrid natural language generation for spoken dialogue systems , 2001, INTERSPEECH.

[23]  Eiichiro Sumita,et al.  Using multiple edit distances to automatically rank machine translation output , 2001, MTSUMMIT.

[24]  O. M.O.D.  ILEX: An Architecture for a Dynamic Hypertext Generation System , 2001 .

[25]  John F. Sowa,et al.  Knowledge representation: logical, philosophical, and computational foundations , 2000 .

[26]  George R. Doddington,et al.  Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation Quality Using N-gram Co-Occurrence Statistics , 2002 .

[27]  Irene Langkilde-Geary,et al.  An Empirical Verification of Coverage and Correctness for a General-Purpose Sentence Generator , 2002, INLG.

[28]  K. McKeown,et al.  Discourse Strategies for Generating Natural-Language Text , 1985, Artif. Intell..

[29]  Salim Roukos,et al.  Bleu: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation , 2002, ACL.

[30]  Emiel Krahmer,et al.  Graph-Based Generation of Referring Expressions , 2003, CL.

[31]  Diego Calvanese,et al.  The Description Logic Handbook: Theory, Implementation, and Applications , 2003, Description Logic Handbook.

[32]  Eduard H. Hovy,et al.  Automatic Evaluation of Summaries Using N-gram Co-occurrence Statistics , 2003, NAACL.

[33]  Mary Ellen Foster,et al.  Techniques for Text Planning with XSLT , 2004, NLPXML@ACL.

[34]  Chin-Yew Lin,et al.  ORANGE: a Method for Evaluating Automatic Evaluation Metrics for Machine Translation , 2004, COLING.

[35]  Kalina Bontcheva,et al.  Automatic Report Generation from Ontologies: The MIAKT Approach , 2004, NLDB.

[36]  Bernd Ludwig,et al.  Hybrid Natural Language Generation in a Spoken Language Dialog System , 2004, KI.

[37]  Martin Klarner.  Hybrid NLG in a Generic Dialog System , 2004, INLG.

[38]  Mario Vento,et al.  Thirty Years Of Graph Matching In Pattern Recognition , 2004, Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell..

[39]  Kalina Bontcheva.  Generating Tailored Textual Summaries from Ontologies , 2005, ESWC.

[40]  Asunción Gómez-Pérez,et al.  The Semantic Web: Research and Applications, Second European Semantic Web Conference, ESWC 2005, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, May 29 - June 1, 2005, Proceedings , 2005, ESWC.

[41]  G. Wilcock.  AN OVERVIEW OF SHALLOW XML-BASED NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION , 2005 .

[42]  R. Power,et al.  Summarisation and Visualisation of e-Health Data Repositories , 2005 .

[43]  Chris Mellish,et al.  Domain Independent Sentence Generation from RDF Representations for the Semantic Web , 2006 .

[44]  Markus Krötzsch,et al.  Semantic Wikipedia , 2006, WikiSym '06.

[45]  Sebastian Schaffert,et al.  A SEMANTIC WIKI FOR COLLABORATIVE KNOWLEDGE FORMATION , 2006 .

[46]  Bo Hu,et al.  A Conceptual Graph Based Approach to Ontology Similarity Measure , 2007, ICCS.

[47]  Ion Androutsopoulos,et al.  Generating Multilingual Descriptions from Linguistically Annotated OWL Ontologies: the NaturalOWL System , 2007, ENLG.

[48]  Nianwen Xue,et al.  Labeling Chinese Predicates with Semantic Roles , 2008, CL.

[49]  Ari Rappoport,et al.  Classification of Semantic Relationships between Nominals Using Pattern Clusters , 2008, ACL.

[50]  Zhong Yi-Ping,et al.  Hierarchically Classified Probabilistic Grammar Parsing , 2011 .

[51]  Marek Dudáš.  Visualization of Ontologies on the Semantic Web , 2012 .