Experimental investigation on the secondary instability of liquid-fluidized beds and the formation of bubbles

The objective of the present work is to investigate experimentally the secondary instability of the one-dimensional voidage waves occurring in two-dimensional liquid- fluidized beds and to examine the physical origin of bubbles, i.e. regions devoid of particles, which arise in fluidization. In the case of moderate-density glass particles, we observe the formation of transient buoyant blobs clearly resulting from the destabilization of the one-dimensional wavy structure. With metallic beads of the same size but larger density, the same destabilization occurs but it leads to the formation of real bubbles. Comparison with previous analytical and numerical studies is attempted. Whereas the linear and weakly nonlinear analytical models are not appropriate, the direct nonlinear simulations provide a qualitative agreement with the observed destabilization mechanism.