MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis

Currently microorganisms are best identified using 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene sequencing. However, in recent years matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a potential tool for microbial identification and diagnosis. During the MALDI-TOF MS process, microbes are identified using either intact cells or cell extracts. The process is rapid, sensitive, and economical in terms of both labor and costs involved. The technology has been readily imbibed by microbiologists who have reported usage of MALDI-TOF MS for a number of purposes like, microbial identification and strain typing, epidemiological studies, detection of biological warfare agents, detection of water- and food-borne pathogens, detection of antibiotic resistance and detection of blood and urinary tract pathogens etc. The limitation of the technology is that identification of new isolates is possible only if the spectral database contains peptide mass fingerprints of the type strains of specific genera/species/subspecies/strains. This review provides an overview of the status and recent applications of mass spectrometry for microbial identification. It also explores the usefulness of this exciting new technology for diagnosis of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

[1]  M. Evans.  Francisella tularensis. , 2022, Infection control : IC.

[2]  O. Kandler,et al.  Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[3]  R. Cotter,et al.  Mass Spectrometry , 1992, Bio/Technology.

[4]  Erko Stackebrandt,et al.  Taxonomic Note: A Place for DNA-DNA Reassociation and 16S rRNA Sequence Analysis in the Present Species Definition in Bacteriology , 1994 .

[5]  M. Wilkins,et al.  Progress with gene‐product mapping of the Mollicutes: Mycoplasma genitalium , 1995, Electrophoresis.

[6]  P. Vandamme,et al.  Polyphasic analysis of strains of the genus Capnocytophaga and Centers for Disease Control group DF-3. , 1996, International journal of systematic bacteriology.

[7]  B E Dunn,et al.  Helicobacter pylori , 1997, Clinical microbiology reviews.

[8]  N. Pace.  A molecular view of microbial diversity and the biosphere. , 1997, Science.

[9]  R. Cole,et al.  Rapid identification and speciation of Haemophilus bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 1998, Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS.

[10]  J. Yates.  Mass spectrometry and the age of the proteome. , 1998, Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS.

[11]  Liang Li,et al.  Investigation of spectral reproducibility in direct analysis of bacteria proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 1998, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[12]  C. Nilsson.  Fingerprinting of Helicobacter pylori strains by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric analysis. , 1999, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[13]  T Laurell,et al.  Integrated microanalytical technology enabling rapid and automated protein identification. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[14]  B. V. Baar.  Characterisation of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation and electrospray mass spectrometry. , 2000 .

[15]  B. Liu,et al.  Characterization of Aspergillus spores by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2000, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[16]  P. Demirev,et al.  Characterization of intact microorganisms by MALDI mass spectrometry. , 2001, Mass spectrometry reviews.

[17]  U. Kubitscheck,et al.  Localization of analyte molecules in MALDI preparations by confocal laser scanning microscopy. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[18]  C. Fenselau,et al.  Characterization of protein biomarkers desorbed by MALDI from whole fungal cells. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[19]  J. Lay,et al.  MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of bacteria. , 2001, Mass spectrometry reviews.

[20]  M. Pfaller,et al.  Antifungal Activities of Posaconazole, Ravuconazole, and Voriconazole Compared to Those of Itraconazole and Amphotericin B against 239 Clinical Isolates of Aspergillus spp. and Other Filamentous Fungi: Report from SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 2000 , 2002, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[21]  A. Fox,et al.  Intact cell mass spectrometry (ICMS) used to type methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: media effects and inter-laboratory reproducibility. , 2002, Journal of microbiological methods.

[22]  L. Øvreås,et al.  Prokaryotic Diversity--Magnitude, Dynamics, and Controlling Factors , 2002, Science.

[23]  M. Rožman.  [Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization]. , 2003, Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju.

[24]  M. Vairamani,et al.  Rapid discrimination between strains of beta haemolytic streptococci by intact cell mass spectrometry. , 2004, The Indian journal of medical research.

[25]  Sebastian Böcker,et al.  Novel Mass Spectrometry-Based Tool for Genotypic Identification of Mycobacteria , 2004, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[26]  J. Hettick,et al.  Proteomic profiling of intact mycobacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[27]  M. Hecker,et al.  Proteomics of microbial pathogens , 2004 .

[28]  E. Pauw,et al.  Rapid identification of environmental bacterial strains by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2004, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[29]  H. A. Thompson,et al.  Identification of biomarkers of whole Coxiella burnetii phase I by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[30]  U. Szewzyk,et al.  Rapid screening and dereplication of bacterial isolates from marine sponges of the Sula Ridge by Intact-Cell-MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (ICM-MS) , 2005, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[31]  W. Meijer,et al.  Rhodococcus equi. , 2004, Veterinary research.

[32]  A novel approach to identify plant parasitic nematodes using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2005, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[33]  Kristin H. Jarman,et al.  Effects of varied pH, growth rate and temperature using controlled fermentation and batch culture on matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization whole cell protein fingerprints. , 2005, Journal of microbiological methods.

[34]  E. Boedeker.  Enteric infections. , 2005, Current opinion in gastroenterology.

[35]  V. Govorun,et al.  Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight (Mass Spectrometry) for Hepatitis C Virus Genotyping , 2005, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[36]  Catherine Petersen,et al.  Effect of Culture Conditions on Microorganism Identification by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry , 2005, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[37]  M. Forsman,et al.  Discrimination of Francisella tularensis subspecies using surface enhanced laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry and multivariate data analysis. , 2005, FEMS microbiology letters.

[38]  Yu-Chie Chen,et al.  Characterization of intact Penicillium spores by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. , 2005, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[39]  A. Maeland,et al.  Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis , 1983, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[40]  S. Pfaller,et al.  The development of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry-based method for the protein fingerprinting and identification of Aeromonas species using whole cells. , 2006, Journal of microbiological methods.

[41]  J. Best,et al.  Differentiation of Aeromonas isolated from drinking water distribution systems using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[42]  P. Berche,et al.  Rapid Identification of Staphylococci Isolated in Clinical Microbiology Laboratories by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2007, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[43]  F. Dellaglio,et al.  On species descriptions based on a single strain: proposal to introduce the status species proponenda (sp. pr.). , 2007, International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology.

[44]  H. A. Thompson,et al.  Strain and phase identification of the U.S. category B agent Coxiella burnetii by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and multivariate pattern recognition. , 2007, Analytica chimica acta.

[45]  G. S. Chhatwal,et al.  Rapid identification of viridans streptococci by mass spectrometric discrimination. , 2007, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[46]  J. Carlson,et al.  Multiplex Detection of Human Herpesviruses from Archival Specimens by Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2007, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[47]  R. Cole,et al.  MALDI-TOF mass signatures for differentiation of yeast species, strain grouping and monitoring of morphogenesis markers , 2008, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[48]  M. Ziemer,et al.  The use of ITS DNA sequence analysis and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry in diagnosing an infection with Fusarium proliferatum , 2008, Experimental dermatology.

[49]  U. Hipler,et al.  Identification of dermatophyte species causing onychomycosis and tinea pedis by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry , 2008, Experimental dermatology.

[50]  D. Beezhold,et al.  Discrimination of Aspergillus isolates at the species and strain level by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry fingerprinting. , 2008, Analytical biochemistry.

[51]  R. Everley,et al.  Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry characterization of Escherichia coli and Shigella species , 2008, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[52]  P. Lasch,et al.  MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry compatible inactivation method for highly pathogenic microbial cells and spores. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[53]  D. Beezhold,et al.  Discrimination of Penicillium isolates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry fingerprinting. , 2008, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[54]  H. Tettelin,et al.  Evolution of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Its Close Commensal Relatives , 2008, PloS one.

[55]  A. Mellmann,et al.  Evaluation of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry in Comparison to 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing for Species Identification of Nonfermenting Bacteria , 2008, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[56]  [Study on detection and identification of Salmonella species by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry]. , 2008, Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research.

[57]  Martin Strohalm,et al.  mMass data miner: an open source alternative for mass spectrometric data analysis. , 2008, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[58]  Peter Lasch,et al.  Identification of Bacillus anthracis by Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and Artificial Neural Networks , 2009, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[59]  J. Sung,et al.  Multiplex detection of 60 hepatitis B virus variants by maldi-tof mass spectrometry. , 2009, Clinical chemistry.

[60]  M. Kostrzewa,et al.  Identification of Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates from Various Phylogenetic Lineages by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2009, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[61]  M. Kostrzewa,et al.  Identification of a Variety of Staphylococcus Species by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2009, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[62]  R. J. Martinez,et al.  Rapid Identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by Whole-Cell Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2009, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[63]  R. Samson,et al.  What is a species in Aspergillus? , 2009, Medical mycology.

[64]  D. Raoult,et al.  Ongoing revolution in bacteriology: routine identification of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2009, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[65]  Alexander B. Schwahn,et al.  Subtyping of the influenza virus by high resolution mass spectrometry. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[66]  H. Binder,et al.  Identification of harmless and pathogenic algae of the genus Prototheca by MALDI‐MS , 2009, Proteomics. Clinical applications.

[67]  G. Allmaier,et al.  Development of a MALDI two-layer volume sample preparation technique for analysis of colored conidia spores of Fusarium by MALDI linear TOF mass spectrometry , 2009, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[68]  T. Maier,et al.  Species identification of clinical isolates of Bacteroides by matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2009, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[69]  G. Allmaier,et al.  Evaluation of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) preparation techniques for surface characterization of intact Fusarium spores by MALDI linear time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2009, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[70]  P. Murray,et al.  Rapid Identification of Bacteria in Positive Blood Culture Broths by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2009, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[71]  D. Raoult,et al.  Direct Identification of Bacteria in Positive Blood Culture Bottles by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2009, PloS one.

[72]  P. Cash.  Proteomics in the study of the molecular taxonomy and epidemiology of bacterial pathogens , 2009, Electrophoresis.

[73]  S. Kalkhof,et al.  Discrimination of different species from the genus Drosophila by intact protein profiling using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry , 2010, BMC Evolutionary Biology.

[74]  T. Maier,et al.  Direct bacterial profiling by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for identification of pathogenic Neisseria. , 2009, The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD.

[75]  E. Claas,et al.  High-Throughput Identification of Bacteria and Yeast by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry in Conventional Medical Microbiology Laboratories , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[76]  C. Stratton,et al.  Mass Spectrometry Biotyper System Identifies Enteric Bacterial Pathogens Directly from Colonies Grown on Selective Stool Culture Media , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[77]  M. Eberlin,et al.  Short communication: Identification of subclinical cow mastitis pathogens in milk by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2010, Journal of dairy science.

[78]  T. Maier,et al.  Identification of Francisella tularensis by Whole-Cell Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry: Fast, Reliable, Robust, and Cost-Effective Differentiation on Species and Subspecies Levels , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[79]  Alexander B. Schwahn,et al.  Typing of human and animal strains of influenza virus with conserved signature peptides of matrix M1 protein by high resolution mass spectrometry. , 2010, Journal of virological methods.

[80]  N. Lima,et al.  Filamentous fungal characterizations by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry , 2010, Journal of applied microbiology.

[81]  G Greub,et al.  Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry as an Alternative to 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing for Identification of Difficult-To-Identify Bacterial Strains , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[82]  L. Ferreira,et al.  Direct Identification of Urinary Tract Pathogens from Urine Samples by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[83]  P. François,et al.  Comparison of Two Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Methods with Conventional Phenotypic Identification for Routine Identification of Bacteria to the Species Level , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[84]  K. Williams,et al.  Rapid identification of protein biomarkers of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and top-down proteomics. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[85]  X. Zhai,et al.  Robust Hepatitis B Virus Genotyping by Mass Spectrometry , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[86]  Y. Glupczynski,et al.  Evaluation of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Identification of Nocardia Species , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[87]  S. Bowden,et al.  Characterisation of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genome of JC polyomavirus using MALDI TOF mass spectrometry. , 2010, Journal of virological methods.

[88]  J. Schrenzel,et al.  Application and use of various mass spectrometry methods in clinical microbiology. , 2010, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[89]  T. Maier,et al.  Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the study of Helicobacter pylori. , 2010, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[90]  Karl Wegscheider,et al.  Rapid Identification of Bacteria from Positive Blood Culture Bottles by Use of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Fingerprinting , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[91]  J. M. Gallardo,et al.  Species differentiation of seafood spoilage and pathogenic gram-negative bacteria by MALDI-TOF mass fingerprinting. , 2010, Journal of proteome research.

[92]  Benito Cañas,et al.  Differential characterization of biogenic amine‐producing bacteria involved in food poisoning using MALDI‐TOF mass fingerprinting , 2010, Electrophoresis.

[93]  G Greub,et al.  Performance of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Identification of Bacterial Strains Routinely Isolated in a Clinical Microbiology Laboratory , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[94]  A. Bizzini,et al.  Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Direct Bacterial Identification from Positive Blood Culture Pellets , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[95]  A. Lehner,et al.  Rapid Genus- and Species-Specific Identification of Cronobacter spp. by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[96]  P. Murray,et al.  Evaluation of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Identification of Clinically Important Yeast Species , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[97]  G. Walther,et al.  Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Human-Pathogenic Species of Lichtheimia , 2010, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[98]  D. Raoult,et al.  Rapid identification and typing of Yersinia pestis and other Yersinia species by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry , 2010, BMC Microbiology.

[99]  P. Lasch,et al.  Multiplex detection of microbial and plant toxins by immunoaffinity enrichment and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[100]  Joanna Zaluga,et al.  GyrB sequence analysis and MALDI-TOF MS as identification tools for plant pathogenic Clavibacter. , 2011, Systematic and applied microbiology.

[101]  Robin Patel,et al.  Comparison of Bruker Biotyper Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer to BD Phoenix Automated Microbiology System for Identification of Gram-Negative Bacilli , 2011, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[102]  J. Mandrekar,et al.  Dermatophyte Identification Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2011, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[103]  P. Berche,et al.  Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for fast and accurate identification of clinically relevant Aspergillus species. , 2011, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[104]  M. Kostrzewa,et al.  Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry-Based Functional Assay for Rapid Detection of Resistance against β-Lactam Antibiotics , 2011, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[105]  M. Alispahic,et al.  Identification of Gallibacterium species by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry evaluated by multilocus sequence analysis. , 2011, International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM.

[106]  Ron Wacker,et al.  Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and API 32E for identification of Cronobacter spp.: a comparative study. , 2011, Journal of food protection.

[107]  J. Collins,et al.  Pulsed field gel electrophoresis typing of human and retail foodstuff Campylobacters: an Irish perspective. , 2011, Food microbiology.

[108]  J. M. Gallardo,et al.  Rapid species identification of seafood spoilage and pathogenic Gram‐positive bacteria by MALDI‐TOF mass fingerprinting , 2011, Electrophoresis.

[109]  M. Kostrzewa,et al.  Rapid detection of Salmonella sp. by means of a combination of selective enrichment broth and MALDI-TOF MS , 2011, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.

[110]  C. Peota.  Novel approach. , 2011, Minnesota medicine.

[111]  P. Murray,et al.  Identification of Mycobacteria in Solid-Culture Media by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2011, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[112]  R. Dieckmann,et al.  Rapid Screening of Epidemiologically Important Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovars by Whole-Cell Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2011, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[113]  G. Shi,et al.  Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and database for identification of Legionella species. , 2011, Canadian journal of microbiology.

[114]  Robin Patel,et al.  Comparison of Direct Colony Method versus Extraction Method for Identification of Gram-Positive Cocci by Use of Bruker Biotyper Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2011, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[115]  J. Hrabák,et al.  Carbapenemase Activity Detection by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2011, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[116]  W. Schrödl,et al.  Direct Analysis and Identification of Pathogenic Lichtheimia Species by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Analyzer-Mediated Mass Spectrometry , 2011, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[117]  Maurizio Sanguinetti,et al.  Direct MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Assay of Blood Culture Broths for Rapid Identification of Candida Species Causing Bloodstream Infections: an Observational Study in Two Large Microbiology Laboratories , 2011, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[118]  O. Petrini,et al.  Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Clinically Relevant Bacteria , 2011, PloS one.

[119]  T. Macek,et al.  Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry- and MALDI Biotyper-Based Identification of Cultured Biphenyl-Metabolizing Bacteria from Contaminated Horseradish Rhizosphere Soil , 2011, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[120]  L. Ferreira,et al.  MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Is a Fast and Reliable Platform for Identification and Ecological Studies of Species from Family Rhizobiaceae , 2011, PloS one.

[121]  Susmita Datta,et al.  pkDACLASS: Open source software for analyzing MALDI-TOF data , 2011, Bioinformation.

[122]  X. Yi,et al.  A new PCR-based mass spectrometry system for high-risk HPV, part I: methods. , 2011, American journal of clinical pathology.

[123]  R. Rosselló-Móra,et al.  Evaluation of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight whole cell profiles for assessing the cultivable diversity of aerobic and moderately halophilic prokaryotes thriving in solar saltern sediments. , 2011, Systematic and applied microbiology.

[124]  Martin Aepfelbacher,et al.  MALDI-TOF MS fingerprinting allows for discrimination of major methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages. , 2011, International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM.

[125]  J. Schrenzel,et al.  Evaluation of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Identification of Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci , 2011, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[126]  Hsien-Chang Chang,et al.  Identification of lethal Aspergillus at early growth stages based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2011, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[127]  Xiaohang Qiao,et al.  β-Arrestin1 Mediates the Endocytosis and Functions of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor , 2011, PloS one.

[128]  Francisco Silva O.  [Aeromonas spp]. , 2011, Revista chilena de infectologia : organo oficial de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectologia.

[129]  D. Raoult,et al.  Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Identification of Mycobacteria in Routine Clinical Practice , 2011, PloS one.

[130]  Didier Raoult,et al.  Rapid and accurate bacterial identification in probiotics and yoghurts by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. , 2011, Journal of Food Science.

[131]  M. Kiehntopf,et al.  Differentiation of Campylobacter species by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2011, Foodborne pathogens and disease.

[132]  R. Parchen,et al.  Reliable identification at the species level of Brucella isolates with MALDI-TOF-MS , 2011, BMC Microbiology.

[133]  R. Courcol,et al.  Rapid identification of Cardiobacterium hominis by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry during infective endocarditis. , 2011, Japanese journal of infectious diseases.

[134]  F. Laurent,et al.  Identification of Aeromonas isolates by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2011, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[135]  Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for discrimination of Escherichia strains possessing highly conserved ribosomal RNA gene sequences. , 2011, Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[136]  Yu-Ju Chen,et al.  Rapid and specific influenza virus detection by functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and mass spectrometry , 2011, Journal of nanobiotechnology.

[137]  Robin Patel,et al.  Identification of Non-diphtheriae Corynebacterium by Use of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2011, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[138]  L. Hoang,et al.  Rapid Identification of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2011, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[139]  M. Fredriksson-Ahomaa,et al.  Rapid species specific identification and subtyping of Yersinia enterocolitica by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. , 2011, Journal of microbiological methods.

[140]  M. Welker.  Proteomics for routine identification of microorganisms , 2011, Proteomics.

[141]  J. Buer,et al.  Direct identification of bacteria in urine samples by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and relevance of defensins as interfering factors. , 2012, Journal of medical microbiology.

[142]  M. Drancourt,et al.  Comparing inactivation protocols of Yersinia organisms for identification with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2012, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[143]  Y. Zhang,et al.  Simultaneous Detection and Identification of Enteric Viruses by PCR-Mass Assay , 2012, PloS one.

[144]  P. Murray,et al.  What is new in clinical microbiology-microbial identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: a paper from the 2011 William Beaumont Hospital Symposium on molecular pathology. , 2012, The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD.

[145]  Robert C. Walchak,et al.  Formic Acid-Based Direct, On-Plate Testing of Yeast and Corynebacterium Species by Bruker Biotyper Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2012, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[146]  L. Dijkshoorn,et al.  Rapid and accurate identification of genomic species from the Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) group by MALDI-TOF MS. , 2012, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[147]  Jean-Louis Herrmann,et al.  Robustness of two MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry systems for bacterial identification. , 2012, Journal of microbiological methods.

[148]  Francesco Bistoni,et al.  Typing of Nosocomial Outbreaks of Acinetobacter baumannii by Use of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2012, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[149]  J. Barros-Velázquez,et al.  SpectraBank: An open access tool for rapid microbial identification by MALDI‐TOF MS fingerprinting , 2012, Electrophoresis.

[150]  MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and microsatellite markers to evaluate Candida parapsilosis transmission in neonatal intensive care units , 2012, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.

[151]  X. Nassif,et al.  Successful Identification of Clinical Dermatophyte and Neoscytalidium Species by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2012, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[152]  J. Vila,et al.  Identification of Clinically Relevant Corynebacterium spp., Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, and Rhodococcus equi by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2012, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[153]  T. Luider,et al.  Characterization of β-lactamase enzyme activity in bacterial lysates using MALDI-mass spectrometry. , 2012, Journal of proteome research.

[154]  B. Korczak,et al.  Identification of animal Pasteurellaceae by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. , 2012, Journal of microbiological methods.

[155]  M. Kilian,et al.  Identification of haemolytic Haemophilus species isolated from human clinical specimens and description of Haemophilus sputorum sp. nov. , 2012, International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM.

[156]  M. Kostrzewa,et al.  Identification of Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) bernardiae by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis and by species-specific PCR. , 2012, Journal of medical microbiology.

[157]  D. Kamboj,et al.  Multiplex detection of protein toxins using MALDI-TOF-TOF tandem mass spectrometry: application in unambiguous toxin detection from bioaerosol. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[158]  M. Kostrzewa,et al.  Mass spectrometry based methods for the discrimination and typing of mycobacteria. , 2012, Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases.

[159]  Jun Wang,et al.  Rapid identification and classification of Mycobacterium spp. using whole-cell protein barcodes with matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry in comparison with multigene phylogenetic analysis. , 2012, Analytica chimica acta.

[160]  R. Goodacre,et al.  Detection and quantification of bacterial spoilage in milk and pork meat using MALDI-TOF-MS and multivariate analysis. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[161]  Gilbert GREUB,et al.  Applications of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in clinical diagnostic microbiology. , 2012, FEMS microbiology reviews.

[162]  G. Prévost,et al.  Rapid discrimination of environmental Vibrio by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2012, Microbiological research.

[163]  Christina M. Henderson,et al.  Development of a Clinically Comprehensive Database and a Simple Procedure for Identification of Molds from Solid Media by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2012, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[164]  S. Sauer,et al.  The essence on mass spectrometry based microbial diagnostics. , 2012, Current opinion in microbiology.

[165]  I. Akyar,et al.  Evaluation of the MALDI TOF-MS method for identification of Candida strains isolated from blood cultures. , 2012, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[166]  Sebastian Gibb,et al.  MALDIquant: a versatile R package for the analysis of mass spectrometry data , 2012, Bioinform..

[167]  A. Schaller,et al.  Sensitive and rapid detection of ganciclovir resistance by PCR based MALDI-TOF analysis. , 2012, Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology.

[168]  D. Venter,et al.  Use of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry To Identify Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Investigate the Epidemiology of an Outbreak , 2012, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[169]  J. Picazo,et al.  Identification of Acinetobacter species: is Bruker biotyper MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry a good alternative to molecular techniques? , 2012, Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases.

[170]  A. Focà,et al.  Typing of Ochrobactrum anthropi clinical isolates using automated repetitive extragenic palindromic-polymerase chain reaction DNA fingerprinting and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry , 2014, BMC Microbiology.

[171]  K. Downard.  Proteotyping for the rapid identification of influenza virus and other biopathogens. , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[172]  M. Šebela,et al.  BIOSPEAN: A Freeware Tool for Processing Spectra from MALDI Intact Cell/Spore Mass Spectrometry , 2013 .

[173]  Young-Su Jeong,et al.  Discrimination of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Direct in-situ Analysis of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2013 .

[174]  P. Gilligan,et al.  Comparison of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry Platforms for the Identification of Gram-Negative Rods from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis , 2013, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[175]  O. Bader.  MALDI‐TOF‐MS‐based species identification and typing approaches in medical mycology , 2013, Proteomics.

[176]  Patrick Ducoroy,et al.  Evaluation of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the identification of medically-important yeasts in the clinical laboratories of Dijon and Lille hospitals. , 2013, Medical mycology.

[177]  J. Fillaux,et al.  An extraction method of positive blood cultures for direct identification of Candida species by Vitek MS matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. , 2013, Medical mycology.

[178]  A. Petrich,et al.  Evaluation of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and Sepsityper Kit™ for the direct identification of organisms from sterile body fluids in a Canadian pediatric hospital. , 2013, The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale.

[179]  M. Millar,et al.  Rapid identification of bacteria from bioMerieux BacT/ALERT blood culture bottles by MALDI-TOF MS , 2013, British journal of biomedical science.

[180]  J. Rolain,et al.  Biotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates from France and Algeria Using MALDI-TOF MS , 2013, PloS one.

[181]  J. Simon,et al.  MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry - a rapid method for the identification of dermatophyte species. , 2013, Medical mycology.

[182]  B. Bauer,et al.  Identification of Tsetse (Glossina spp.) Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2013, PLoS neglected tropical diseases.

[183]  T. Maier,et al.  MALDI‐TOF MS: an upcoming tool for rapid detection of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms , 2013, Proteomics. Clinical applications.

[184]  A. Foster.  Rapid Identification of Microbes in Positive Blood Cultures by Use of the Vitek MS Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry System , 2013, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[185]  Jiang-feng Du,et al.  Sensitive and rapid detection of viruses associated with hand foot and mouth disease using multiplexed MALDI-TOF analysis. , 2013, Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology.

[186]  Y. Tselentis,et al.  The contribution of proteomics towards deciphering the enigma of Coxiella burnetii , 2013, Proteomics. Clinical applications.

[187]  D. Wareham,et al.  Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry: rapid identification of bacteria isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis , 2013, British journal of biomedical science.

[188]  P. Vandamme,et al.  A description of the lactic acid bacteria microbiota associated with the production of traditional fermented vegetables in Vietnam. , 2013, International journal of food microbiology.

[189]  S. Ichiyama,et al.  Differentiation of vanA-positive Enterococcus faecium from vanA-negative E. faecium by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2014, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[190]  Vishvanath Tiwari,et al.  Quantitative proteomics to study carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii , 2014, Front. Microbiol..

[191]  M. DeMarco,et al.  Diafiltration MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry method for culture-independent detection and identification of pathogens directly from urine specimens. , 2014, American journal of clinical pathology.

[192]  E. Idelevich,et al.  Rapid identification of microorganisms from positive blood cultures by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry subsequent to very short-term incubation on solid medium. , 2014, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[193]  C. Gorrini,et al.  Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry applied to virus identification , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[194]  Y. Iwadate,et al.  Direct application of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to cerebrospinal fluid for rapid pathogen identification in a patient with bacterial meningitis. , 2014, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[195]  A. Ruíz,et al.  Can MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry be used with intravascular catheters? , 2014, Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica.

[196]  P. Bastien,et al.  Identification of Leishmania at the species level with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2014, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[197]  D. Raoult,et al.  Identification of European mosquito species by MALDI-TOF MS , 2014, Parasitology Research.

[198]  K. Downard,et al.  Origins of the reassortant 2009 pandemic influenza virus through proteotyping with mass spectrometry. , 2014, Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS.

[199]  Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry in the screening of vanA-positive Enterococcus faecium. , 2014, European journal of mass spectrometry.

[200]  Emilio Bouza,et al.  Gram-Stain Plus MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry) for a Rapid Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection , 2014, PloS one.

[201]  R. Goering,et al.  The integration of Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass , 2014 .

[202]  J. Navarro-Marí,et al.  MALDI‐TOF MS, a useful instrument for differentiating metallo‐β‐lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. , 2014, Letters in applied microbiology.

[203]  Young-Su Jeong,et al.  Rapid detection of Bacillus spore aerosol particles by direct in situ analysis using MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry , 2014, Letters in applied microbiology.

[204]  E. Nagy,et al.  Detection of carbapenemase activities of Bacteroides fragilis strains with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization--time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). , 2014, Anaerobe.

[205]  V. Cheng,et al.  Performance of the VITEK MS matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry system for rapid bacterial identification in two diagnostic centres in China. , 2015, Journal of medical microbiology.

[206]  Raúl Ortiz de Lejarazu Leonardo,et al.  New procedure for rapid identification of microorganisms causing urinary tract infection from urine samples by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) , 2015 .

[207]  I. Balakrishnan,et al.  A method for the detection of antibiotic resistance markers in clinical strains of Escherichia coli using MALDI mass spectrometry. , 2015, Journal of microbiological methods.

[208]  Robin Patel,et al.  MALDI-TOF MS for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. , 2015, Clinical chemistry.

[209]  A. Blanch,et al.  Use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry for bacterial monitoring in routine analysis at a drinking water treatment plant. , 2016, International journal of hygiene and environmental health.

[210]  H. Fernández,et al.  About Campylobacter spp. , 2016 .

[211]  Prasanna D. Khot.  Evaluation of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry for Identification of Yeasts Commonly Found During Environmental Monitoring , 2017 .