A prospective assessment of the time required to obtain one unit of fresh whole blood by civilian phlebotomists and Army laboratory technicians (68 K)

Resuscitation with blood products improves survival after major hemorrhage. Blood product administration at or near the point‐of‐injury (POI) amplifies this benefit. Size, weight, and cold‐chain management challenges all limit the amount of blood medics can carry. Warm fresh whole blood (WFWB) transfusions from a pre‐screened donor within the unit represent an alternative source of blood at the POI. We measured the time required for civilian and Army technicians performing phlebotomy frequently to obtain one unit of blood to serve as a goal metric for combat medics being trained in this skill.

[1]  M. A. Meledeo,et al.  Incidence of Expired Blood Product Use in the US Central Command Theater of Operations. , 2022, Medical journal.

[2]  Anonymous Anonymous Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) Guidelines for Medical Personnel 15 December 2021. , 2022, Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals.

[3]  S. Schauer,et al.  Trends in Prehospital Blood, Crystalloid, and Colloid Administration in Accordance With Changes in Tactical Combat Casualty Care Guidelines. , 2021, Military medicine.

[4]  S. Schauer,et al.  A Conceptual Framework for Non-Military Investigators to Understand the Joint Roles of Medical Care in the Setting of Future Large Scale Combat Operations , 2021, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[5]  Garrett S. Booth,et al.  Blood shortages and changes to massive transfusion protocols: Survey of hospital practices during the COVID-19 pandemic , 2021, Transfusion and Apheresis Science.

[6]  S. Schauer,et al.  Adherence to a Balanced Approach to Massive Transfusion in Combat Casualties. , 2021, Military medicine.

[7]  J. Gurney,et al.  Whole blood at the tip of the spear: A retrospective cohort analysis of warm fresh whole blood resuscitation versus component therapy in severely injured combat casualties. , 2021, Surgery.

[8]  M. A. Meledeo,et al.  More sophisticated than a drink cooler or an old sphygmomanometer but still not adequate for prehospital blood: A market review of commercially available equipment for prehospital blood transport and administration , 2021, Transfusion.

[9]  Jason B. Corley,et al.  Civilian walking blood bank emergency preparedness plan , 2021, Transfusion.

[10]  Jason B. Corley,et al.  International Forum on Walking Blood Bank Programmes: Summary , 2021, Vox sanguinis.

[11]  V. Bebarta,et al.  A Descriptive Analysis of Battlefield First Responder and Combat Lifesaver Interventions during the Role 1 Phase of Care. , 2021, Medical journal.

[12]  N. Blumberg,et al.  Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic , 2020, Clinics in Laboratory Medicine.

[13]  R. Cardigan,et al.  Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on supply and use of blood for transfusion , 2020, The Lancet Haematology.

[14]  J. Gurney,et al.  Fresh whole blood from walking blood banks for patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock: A systematic review and meta-analysis , 2020, The journal of trauma and acute care surgery.

[15]  Andrew D. Fisher,et al.  Implementation of a low titer group O whole blood program for a law enforcement tactical team , 2020, Transfusion.

[16]  S. Schauer,et al.  Prehospital Vasopressor Use Is Associated with Worse Mortality in Combat Wounded , 2020, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[17]  S. Schauer,et al.  High crystalloid volumes negate benefit of hemostatic resuscitation in pediatric wartime trauma casualties. , 2020, The journal of trauma and acute care surgery.

[18]  E. Goralnick,et al.  Haemorrhage control in the prehospital setting: a scoping review protocol , 2019, BMJ Open.

[19]  V. Bebarta,et al.  Prehospital Resuscitation Performed on Hypotensive Trauma Patients in Afghanistan: The Prehospital Trauma Registry Experience. , 2018, Military medicine.

[20]  S. Schauer,et al.  An analysis of casualties presenting to military emergency departments in Iraq and Afghanistan , 2019, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[21]  G. Beilman,et al.  Assessment of prehospital hemorrhage and airway care using a simulation model , 2018, The journal of trauma and acute care surgery.

[22]  M. Dubick,et al.  Prehospital Application of Hemostatic Agents in Iraq and Afghanistan , 2018, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[23]  J. Gurney,et al.  Junctional Tourniquet Use During Combat Operations in Afghanistan: The Prehospital Trauma Registry Experience. , 2018, Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals.

[24]  Jeffrey T. Howard,et al.  Association of Prehospital Blood Product Transfusion During Medical Evacuation of Combat Casualties in Afghanistan With Acute and 30-Day Survival , 2017, JAMA.

[25]  R. Kotwal,et al.  A descriptive analysis of data from the Department of Defense Joint Trauma System Prehospital Trauma Registry. , 2017, U.S. Army Medical Department journal.

[26]  K. Ryan,et al.  Prehospital Administration of Tranexamic Acid by Ground Forces in Afghanistan: The Prehospital Trauma Registry Experience. , 2017, Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals.

[27]  S. Schauer,et al.  A Pilot Project Demonstrating that Combat Medics Can Safely Administer Parenteral Medications in the Emergency Department , 2017, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine.

[28]  Sean Keenan,et al.  Prolonged Field Care: Beyond the "Golden Hour". , 2017, Wilderness & environmental medicine.

[29]  S. Schauer,et al.  Prehospital Interventions During Mass-Casualty Events in Afghanistan: A Case Analysis , 2017, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine.

[30]  K. Ryan,et al.  QuikClot® Combat Gauze® Use by Ground Forces in Afghanistan The Prehospital Trauma Registry Experience. , 2016, Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals.

[31]  Jeffrey T. Howard,et al.  Emergency Department Patients Support the Use of Combat Medics in Their Clinical Care. , 2015, Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals.

[32]  Shawn C. Nessen,et al.  Fresh whole blood use by forward surgical teams in Afghanistan is associated with improved survival compared to component therapy without platelets , 2013, Transfusion.

[33]  H. Champion,et al.  Death on the battlefield (2001–2011): Implications for the future of combat casualty care , 2012, The journal of trauma and acute care surgery.

[34]  P. Spinella Warm fresh whole blood transfusion for severe hemorrhage: U.S. military and potential civilian applications , 2008, Critical care medicine.

[35]  K. Azarow,et al.  Risks associated with fresh whole blood and red blood cell transfusions in a combat support hospital , 2007, Critical care medicine.