Biofuels: Policies, Standards and Technologies

1.0 Bioethanol Feedstocks There are two broad groups of bioethanol feedstock refered to as the first and second generation feedstock. The majority of the first generation of feedstock for bioethanol production include those that are widely grown and used for food and animal feed, hence the current debate, " Food or Fuel? " .These are the feedstock that are currently being used for the production of sugar, or which has high component of simple sugar. These feedstocks are the easiest to convert to ethanol and they include:

[1]  K. Cassman,et al.  Improvements in Life Cycle Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Corn‐Ethanol , 2009 .

[2]  E. I. Yantovski Solar energy conversion through seaweed photosynthesis and zero emissions power generation , 2008 .

[3]  Eric Johnson,et al.  Goodbye to carbon neutral: Getting biomass footprints right , 2009 .

[4]  Doina Olaru,et al.  Appropriateness of a 350 Million Litre Biofuels Target , 2003 .

[5]  Yukihiro Tsukasaki,et al.  Feasibility Study of Ethanol Applications to A Direct Injection Gasoline Engine , 2007 .

[6]  M. Balat Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils: A Survey , 2007 .

[7]  Stavros G. Poulopoulos,et al.  Regulated and unregulated emissions from an internal combustion engine operating on ethanol-containing fuels , 2001 .

[8]  Fikret Yuksel,et al.  The use of ethanol–gasoline blend as a fuel in an SI engine , 2004 .

[9]  D. Grewell,et al.  Influence of Ultrasonics in Ammonia Steeped Switchgrass for Enzymatic Hydrolysis , 2007 .

[10]  Nu Sustainable bioenergy: a framework for decision makers , 2007 .

[11]  Omotunde E. G. Johnson Financial Risks, Stability, and Globalization , 2002 .

[12]  Gregory W. Davis,et al.  The Development and Performance of a High Blend Ethanol Fueled Vehicle , 2000 .

[13]  Avinash Kumar Agarwal,et al.  Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines , 2007 .

[14]  Yuan Yanwen Status of solid biofuel standards of EU , 2007 .

[15]  T. Moore,et al.  Engineered and Artificial Photosynthesis: Human Ingenuity Enters the Game , 2008 .

[16]  A. N. Boyce,et al.  Biodiesel Fuel Production from Algae as Renewable Energy , 2008 .

[17]  K. Phillips Bad Money: Reckless Finance, Failed Politics, and the Global Crisis of American Capitalism , 2008 .

[18]  Montague Yudelman,et al.  INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT, SOIL FERTILITY AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: CURRENT ISSUES AND FUTURE CHALLENGES , 2000 .

[19]  Ethan S. Harris,et al.  Ben Bernanke's Fed: The Federal Reserve After Greenspan , 2008 .

[20]  C. Nilsson,et al.  Emissions of aldehydes and ketones from a two-stroke engine using ethanol and ethanol-blended gasoline as fuel. , 2002, Environmental science & technology.

[21]  L. G. Schumacher,et al.  Fueling a Diesel Engine with Methyl-ester Soybean Oil , 1995 .

[22]  Carroll E. Goering,et al.  Biodiesel: An Alternative Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines , 2007 .

[23]  J. Ocampo Beyond Reforms: Structural Dynamics and Macroeconomic Vulnerability , 2005 .

[24]  Reyes García-Contreras,et al.  Stability of diesel-bioethanol blends for use in diesel engines , 2007 .

[25]  S. Takenaka,et al.  Production of Hydrogen from Methane by a CO2 Emission-Suppressed Process: Methane Decomposition and Gasification of Carbon Nanofibers , 2004 .

[26]  Christopher K Strong,et al.  Evaluation of Biodiesel Fuel: Literature Review , 2004 .

[27]  S. Polaski Rising Food Prices, Poverty, and the Doha Round , 2008 .

[28]  Qin Zhang,et al.  Ethanol-diesel fuel blends -- a review. , 2005, Bioresource technology.

[29]  Peter Isard Globalization and the International Financial System , 2005 .

[30]  Thomas R. Sem Effect of Various Lubricating Oils on Piston Deposits in Biodiesel Fueled Engines , 2004 .

[31]  K. Cassman,et al.  Towards Standardization of Life-Cycle Metrics for Biofuels: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation and Net Energy Yield , 2008 .

[32]  Prommes Kwanchareon,et al.  Solubility of a diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blend, its fuel properties, and its emission characteristics from diesel engine , 2007 .

[33]  Spencer C. Sorenson,et al.  Combustion of Soybean Oil Methyl Ester in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine , 1993 .

[34]  K. Chan An overview of some tillage impacts on earthworm population abundance and diversity — implications for functioning in soils , 2001 .

[35]  R. Niven Ethanol in gasoline: environmental impacts and sustainability review article , 2005 .

[36]  B. Amigun,et al.  Cellulase Production by Aspergillus flavus Linn Isolate NSPR 101 fermented in sawdust, bagasse and corncob , 2003 .

[37]  Britt Childs,et al.  Plants at the Pump: Biofuels, Climate Change, and Sustainability , 2008 .

[38]  Martin Kaltschmitt,et al.  Markets for solid biofuels within the EU-15 , 2006 .

[39]  Alan S. Greenspan The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World , 2007 .

[40]  Akwasi A. Boateng,et al.  Pyrolysis of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) harvested at several stages of maturity , 2006 .

[41]  L. L. Oden,et al.  The behavior of inorganic material in biomass-fired power boilers: Field and laboratory experiences , 1998 .

[42]  Bruce A. Champ,et al.  Modeling Monetary Economies , 1993 .

[43]  J. Court,et al.  Governing globalization : issues and institutions , 2002 .

[44]  W. Körbitz,et al.  Biodiesel production in Europe and North America, an encouraging prospect , 1999 .

[45]  J. Heinimö,et al.  Solid and Liquid Biofuels: Markets in Finland- a study on international biofuels trade , 2006 .

[46]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Experimental heat release analysis and emissions of a HSDI diesel engine fueled with ethanol–diesel fuel blends , 2007 .

[47]  D. Kodali,et al.  High performance ester lubricants from natural oils , 2002 .

[48]  B. E. Attahdaniel,et al.  Auto-hydrolysis of lignocellulosics under extremely low sulphuric acid and high temperature conditions in batch reactor , 2003 .

[49]  P. Lindblad,et al.  H2 production from marine and freshwater species of green algae during sulfur deprivation and considerations for bioreactor design , 2008 .

[50]  A. Kowalewicz,et al.  Alternative fuels and their application to combustion engines , 2005 .

[51]  Mardi Dungey,et al.  Monetary Policy, Inflation, and the Business Cycle: An Introduction to the New Keynesian Framework , 2009 .

[52]  J. Galí,et al.  Introduction to Monetary Policy, Inflation, and the Business Cycle: An Introduction to the New Keynesian Framework , 2008 .

[53]  L. G. Schumacher,et al.  Cummins 5.9L biodiesel fueled engines , 1995 .

[54]  N. Maness,et al.  Effect of hydrothermolysis on ethanol yield from Alamo switchgrass using a thermotolerant yeast , 2007 .

[55]  Peter Isard Globalization and the International Financial System: What's Wrong and What Can Be Done , 2004 .

[56]  L. Wårell,et al.  A Handbook of Primary Commodities in the Global Economy , 2020 .

[57]  S. Polasky,et al.  Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[58]  Sergey Paltsev,et al.  Biomass Energy and Competition for Land , 2008, GTAP Working Paper.

[59]  Akwasi A. Boateng,et al.  Biomass Yield and Biofuel Quality of Switchgrass Harvested in Fall or Spring , 2006 .

[60]  Shijin Shuai,et al.  Emission reduction potential of using ethanol–biodiesel–diesel fuel blend on a heavy-duty diesel engine , 2006 .

[61]  Jon Van Gerpen,et al.  Biodiesel Production and Fuel Quality , 2004 .

[62]  H. Wichmann,et al.  Bio-based ester oils for use as lubricants in metal working , 2007 .

[63]  Avinash Kumar Agarwal,et al.  Wear assessment in a biodiesel fueled compression ignition engine , 2003 .

[64]  Hüseyin Serdar Yücesu,et al.  The potential of using vegetable oil fuels as fuel for diesel engines , 2001 .

[65]  Avinash Kumar Agarwal,et al.  Effect of Biodiesel Utilization of Wear of Vital Parts in Compression Ignition Engine , 2003 .

[66]  Lilian L. N. Guarieiro,et al.  The Role of Additives for Diesel and Diesel Blended (Ethanol or Biodiesel) Fuels: A Review , 2007 .

[67]  P. D. Jensen,et al.  Comparative study of durability test methods for pellets and briquettes , 2006 .

[68]  G. Illing,et al.  Monetary Policy Under Uncertainty , 2019, Springer Texts in Business and Economics.

[69]  G. Destouni,et al.  Renewable Energy , 2010, AMBIO.

[70]  L. Pedersen,et al.  Deposit characteristic after injection of additives to a Danish straw-fired suspension boiler , 2007 .

[71]  Matthew J. Brusstar ECONOMICAL, HIGH-EFFICIENCY ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES FOR ALCOHOL FUELS , 2005 .

[72]  C. Soludo,et al.  Potential impacts of the new global financial architecture on poor countries , 2005 .

[73]  B. Bernanke Monetary Policy under Uncertainty , 2007 .

[74]  Bryan Bals,et al.  Optimization of Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Miscanthus x giganteus to Fermentable Sugars , 2007, Biotechnology progress.

[75]  I. Obernberger,et al.  Chemical properties of solid biofuels¿significance and impact , 2006 .