The splenic toxicity of water soluble multi-walled carbon nanotubes in mice

Spleen is an important immune organ and a constituting part of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). CNTs in vivo can be readily scavenged from blood and mainly entrapped by liver, spleen and lungs. Herein, water soluble multi-walled carbon nanotubes (S-MWCNTs) were used as a model to investigate the possible toxicity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to mouse spleen. The toxicity of various doses of S-MWCNTs was examined by carbon clearance measurement, oxidative stress assay, histopathologic and electron-microscopic examination. Compared with the control group, phagocytic activity of RES, activity of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde in splenic homogenate did not change significantly in 2 months. The histopathologic examination showed no observable sign of damage in spleen; however, the accumulated S-MWCNTs gradually transferred from the red pulp to the white pulp over the exposure time and might initiate the adaptive immune response of spleen.

[1]  R. Nemanich,et al.  Multi-walled carbon nanotube interactions with human epidermal keratinocytes. , 2005, Toxicology letters.

[2]  Xin Wang,et al.  Biodistribution of Pristine Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes In Vivo† , 2007 .

[3]  J. Crapo,et al.  Hyperoxia increases oxygen radical production in rat lungs and lung mitochondria. , 1981, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[4]  T. Webb,et al.  Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessment of single-wall carbon nanotubes in rats. , 2003, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[5]  S. Sarkar,et al.  Analysis of stress responsive genes induced by single-walled carbon nanotubes in BJ Foreskin cells. , 2007, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[6]  Nicholas A Peppas,et al.  Opsonization, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles. , 2006, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[7]  J. James,et al.  Pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice 7 and 90 days after intratracheal instillation. , 2003, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[8]  M. Prato,et al.  Binding and condensation of plasmid DNA onto functionalized carbon nanotubes: toward the construction of nanotube-based gene delivery vectors. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[9]  V. Castranova,et al.  Vitamin E deficiency enhances pulmonary inflammatory response and oxidative stress induced by single-walled carbon nanotubes in C57BL/6 mice. , 2007, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[10]  T. Saba.  Physiology and physiopathology of the reticuloendothelial system. , 1970, Archives of internal medicine.

[11]  L. Forró,et al.  Cellular toxicity of carbon-based nanomaterials. , 2006, Nano letters.

[12]  V. Castranova,et al.  Direct and indirect effects of single walled carbon nanotubes on RAW 264.7 macrophages: role of iron. , 2006, Toxicology letters.

[13]  M. Prato,et al.  Functionalized carbon nanotubes in drug design and discovery. , 2008, Accounts of chemical research.

[14]  M. Prato,et al.  Translocation of bioactive peptides across cell membranes by carbon nanotubes. , 2004, Chemical communications.

[15]  S M Moghimi,et al.  Long-circulating and target-specific nanoparticles: theory to practice. , 2001, Pharmacological reviews.

[16]  M. Uchiyama,et al.  Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissues by thiobarbituric acid test. , 1978, Analytical biochemistry.

[17]  D. Jollow,et al.  Bromobenzene-induced liver necrosis. Protective role of glutathione and evidence for 3,4-bromobenzene oxide as the hepatotoxic metabolite. , 1974, Pharmacology.

[18]  H. Krug,et al.  Carbon nanotubes show no sign of acute toxicity but induce intracellular reactive oxygen species in dependence on contaminants. , 2007, Toxicology letters.

[19]  R. Mebius,et al.  Structure and function of the spleen , 2005, Nature Reviews Immunology.

[20]  W. E. Billups,et al.  Functionalization density dependence of single-walled carbon nanotubes cytotoxicity in vitro. , 2006, Toxicology letters.

[21]  Sanjiv S Gambhir,et al.  A pilot toxicology study of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a small sample of mice. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[22]  M. Prato,et al.  Functionalized carbon nanotubes for plasmid DNA gene delivery. , 2004, Angewandte Chemie.

[23]  Zhengding Su,et al.  Single-walled carbon nanotube binding peptides: probing tryptophan's importance by unnatural amino acid substitution. , 2007, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[24]  H. Dai,et al.  In vivo biodistribution and highly efficient tumour targeting of carbon nanotubes in mice. , 2020, Nature nanotechnology.

[25]  Weibo Cai,et al.  Circulation and long-term fate of functionalized, biocompatible single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice probed by Raman spectroscopy , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[26]  H. Dai,et al.  Nanotube molecular transporters: internalization of carbon nanotube-protein conjugates into Mammalian cells. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[27]  N. Bottini,et al.  Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce T lymphocyte apoptosis. , 2006, Toxicology letters.

[28]  C. Wang,et al.  Buckling of carbon nanotubes: a literature survey. , 2007, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[29]  I. Fridovich,et al.  Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. , 1971, Analytical biochemistry.

[30]  Z. Gu,et al.  Biodistribution of carbon single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice. , 2004, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[31]  H. Dai,et al.  Carbon nanotubes as multifunctional biological transporters and near-infrared agents for selective cancer cell destruction. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[32]  Tsuyohiko Fujigaya,et al.  Fundamentals and applications of soluble carbon nanotubes , 2007 .

[33]  H. Schwarz,et al.  Cytotoxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes on human fibroblasts. , 2006, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[34]  Huajian Gao,et al.  Effect of single wall carbon nanotubes on human HEK293 cells. , 2005, Toxicology letters.

[35]  P. Baron,et al.  Exposure to Carbon Nanotube Material: Assessment of Nanotube Cytotoxicity using Human Keratinocyte Cells , 2003, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A.

[36]  Cheng-Chung Chou,et al.  Single-walled carbon nanotubes can induce pulmonary injury in mouse model. , 2008, Nano letters.

[37]  H. Dai,et al.  Carbon nanotubes as intracellular protein transporters: generality and biological functionality. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[38]  Haifang Wang,et al.  A generally adoptable radiotracing method for tracking carbon nanotubes in animals , 2008, Nanotechnology.

[39]  P. Baron,et al.  Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice. , 2005, American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology.

[40]  Tonghua Wang,et al.  Translocation and fate of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in vivo , 2007 .