On the Kaiser Effect of Rock under Cyclic Loading and Unloading Conditions: Insights from Acoustic Emission Monitoring

The Kaiser effect reflects the memory of the loaded rock to the irreversible damage and deformation. The stress level, loading rate and lithology are the main factors affecting the Kaiser effect of the rock. To identify the accurate stress point of the Kaiser effect, the MTS 816 rock mechanics testing system and the DS5-A acoustic emission testing and analysis system were adopted. The uniaxial cyclic loading–unloading and acoustic emission characteristic test of 90 rock specimens from three types of rocks under different stress level and loading rate was carried out. The evolution of acoustic emission under uniaxial compression of the rock corresponds to the compaction stage, elastic stage, yield stage and post-peak stress drop stage of the rock deformation and failure process and is divided into the quiet period, transition period, active period and decay period of the acoustic emission. The larger the hardness of rock is, the earlier the stress point of the Kaiser effect appears. The loading stress level (σA) has appreciable influence on the Kaiser effect of the rock. When σA ≥ 0.7σc, the Kaiser effect disappears. Usually, the dilatancy stress (crack initiation stress) does not exceed 70% of the uniaxial compressive strength (σc) of the rock, and the stress point can be the threshold to determine whether the Kaiser effect occurs. The influence of loading rate (lr) on Felicity rate (FR) is relatively large when lr < 0.01 mm/s, and FR rapidly grows with increase of the loading rate. When lr ≥ 0.01 mm/s, the influence of the loading rate on FR is relatively small. The findings facilitate the future application of the Kaiser effect and improvement of the accuracy of the acoustic emission data interpretation.

[1]  Jianfeng Liu,et al.  Differences in the acoustic emission characteristics of rock salt compared with granite and marble during the damage evolution process , 2015, Environmental Earth Sciences.

[2]  Peter K. Kaiser,et al.  A study on the dynamic behavior of the Meuse/Haute-Marne argillite , 2007 .

[3]  G. Cusatis,et al.  Size Effect Analysis for the Characterization of Marcellus Shale Quasi-brittle Fracture Properties , 2017, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.

[4]  H. Alkan,et al.  Rock salt dilatancy boundary from combined acoustic emission and triaxial compression tests , 2007 .

[5]  Qing-bin Meng,et al.  Effects of Acoustic Emission and Energy Evolution of Rock Specimens Under the Uniaxial Cyclic Loading and Unloading Compression , 2016, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.

[6]  Martine Wevers,et al.  Quantification of pre-peak brittle damage: Correlation between acoustic emission and observed micro-fracturing , 2007 .

[7]  V. S. Yamshchikov,et al.  Memory effects in rocks (review) , 1994 .

[8]  V. S. Vutukuri,et al.  In situ stress determination by acoustic emission technique , 1997 .

[9]  Alexander Lavrov,et al.  The Kaiser effect in rocks : principles and stress estimation techniques , 2003 .

[10]  A. Dyskin,et al.  The rock stress memory unrecoverable by the Kaiser effect method , 2015 .

[11]  Ken P. Chong,et al.  Strain rate dependent mechanical properties of New Albany reference shale , 1990 .

[12]  J. Yamamuro,et al.  Effects of Strain Rate on Instability of Granular Soils , 1993 .

[13]  R. Goodman,et al.  SUBAUDIBLE NOISE DURING COMPRESSION OF ROCKS , 1963 .

[14]  Yuzo Obara,et al.  Comparison of stresses obtained from Acoustic Emission and Compact Conical-Ended Borehole Overcoring techniques and an evaluation of the Kaiser Effect level , 2011, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment.

[15]  Shicheng Zhang,et al.  Acoustic Emission Response of Laboratory Hydraulic Fracturing in Layered Shale , 2018, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.

[16]  Erling Nordlund,et al.  Experimental verification of the Kaiser effect in rocks , 1993 .

[17]  S. Peng,et al.  Relaxation and the behavior of failed rock , 1972 .

[18]  A. Lavrov,et al.  Kaiser effect observation in brittle rock cyclically loaded with different loading rates , 2001 .

[19]  A. Lavrov,et al.  Fracture‐induced Physical Phenomena and Memory Effects in Rocks: A Review , 2005 .

[20]  Y. Ramana,et al.  A study of progressive failure of rock under cyclic loading by ultrasonic and AE monitoring techniques , 1992 .

[21]  Alexander Lavrov,et al.  Memory Effects in Rock Salt Under Triaxial Stress State and Their Use for Stress Measurement in a Rock Mass , 2001 .

[22]  Kiyoo Mogi,et al.  A new method for estimation of the crustal stress from cored rock samples: Laboratory study in the case of uniaxial compression , 1981 .

[23]  A. Chmel,et al.  A comparative acoustic emission study of compression and impact fracture in granite , 2013 .

[24]  Won-Jin Cho,et al.  A Comparative Evaluation of Stress–Strain and Acoustic Emission Methods for Quantitative Damage Assessments of Brittle Rock , 2015, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.

[25]  D. Lockner The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture , 1993 .

[26]  Resat Ulusay,et al.  Relation between Kaiser effect levels and pre-stresses applied in the laboratory , 2008 .

[27]  R. Yu,et al.  Relation Between Stresses Obtained from Kaiser Effect Under Uniaxial Compression and Hydraulic Fracturing , 2014, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.

[28]  Yan Jin,et al.  Time-sensitivity of the Kaiser effect of acoustic emission in limestone and its application to measurements of in-situ stress , 2009 .

[29]  Gerd Manthei,et al.  Characterization of Acoustic Emission Sources in a Rock Salt Specimen under Triaxial Compression , 2005 .

[30]  Yulong Chen,et al.  Effect of Loading Rate on the Felicity Effect of Three Rock Types , 2017, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.

[31]  Qing-bin Meng,et al.  Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Red Sandstone Specimens Under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading and Unloading Compression , 2018, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.

[32]  Jian Zhao,et al.  A Review of Dynamic Experimental Techniques and Mechanical Behaviour of Rock Materials , 2014, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.

[33]  R. Chalaturnyk,et al.  Damage quantification of intact rocks using acoustic emission energies recorded during uniaxial compression test and discrete element modeling , 2015 .

[34]  Yingchun Li,et al.  Mechanical Properties of Basalt Specimens Under Combined Compression and Shear Loading at Low Strain Rates , 2019, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.

[35]  Xin Bai,et al.  A novel in situ stress measurement method based on acoustic emission Kaiser effect: a theoretical and experimental study , 2018, Royal Society Open Science.

[36]  Chi Ai,et al.  Energy-Based Brittleness Index and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Anisotropic Coal Under Triaxial Stress Condition , 2018, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.

[37]  R. Kranz,et al.  CRACK GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT DURING CREEP OF BARRE GRANITE , 1979 .

[38]  C. Martin,et al.  Seventeenth Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: The effect of cohesion loss and stress path on brittle rock strength , 1997 .

[39]  T. L. Blanton Effect of strain rates from 10-2 to 10 sec-1 in triaxial compression tests on three rocks , 1981 .

[40]  Naoyuki Fujii,et al.  Stress memory of crystalline rocks in acoustic emission , 1979 .

[41]  C. Sondergeld,et al.  Experimental investigation of in situ and injection fluid effect on hydraulic fracture mechanism using acoustic emission in Tennessee sandstone , 2018, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering.