The Different Mechanisms of Cancer Drug Resistance: A Brief Review

Anticancer drugs resistance is a complex process that arises from altering in the drug targets. Advances in the DNA microarray, proteomics technology and the development of targeted therapies provide the new strategies to overcome the drug resistance. Although a design of the new chemotherapy agents is growing quickly, effective chemotherapy agent has not been discovered against the advanced stage of cancer (such as invasion and metastasis). The cancer cell resistance against the anticancer agents can be due to many factors such as the individual’s genetic differences, especially in tumoral somatic cells. Also, the cancer drug resistance is acquired, the drug resistance can be occurred by different mechanisms, including multi-drug resistance, cell death inhibiting (apoptosis suppression), altering in the drug metabolism, epigenetic and drug targets, enhancing DNA repair and gene amplification. In this review, we outlined the mechanisms of cancer drug resistance and in following, the treatment failures by common chemotherapy agents in the different type of cancers.

[1]  B. Baradaran,et al.  Reversal of chemoresistance with small interference RNA (siRNA) in etoposide resistant acute myeloid leukemia cells (HL-60). , 2015, Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie.

[2]  J. Settleman.  Cancer: Bet on drug resistance , 2016, Nature.

[3]  W. Kloosterman,et al.  The Diverse Effects of Complex Chromosome Rearrangements and Chromothripsis in Cancer Development. , 2015, Recent results in cancer research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progres dans les recherches sur le cancer.

[4]  miR-634 restores drug sensitivity in resistant ovarian cancer cells by targeting the Ras-MAPK pathway , 2015, Molecular Cancer.

[5]  B. Baradaran,et al.  siRNA-mediated silencing of MDR1 reverses the resistance to oxaliplatin in SW480/OxR colon cancer cells. , 2015, Cellular and molecular biology.

[6]  Hui Zhao,et al.  MicroRNA-134 modulates resistance to doxorubicin in human breast cancer cells by downregulating ABCC1 , 2015, Biotechnology Letters.

[7]  Luca Magnani,et al.  Poised epigenetic states and acquired drug resistance in cancer , 2014, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[8]  K. To,et al.  Exploiting a novel miR-519c-HuR-ABCG2 regulatory pathway to overcome chemoresistance in colorectal cancer. , 2015, Experimental cell research.

[9]  Yan Fu,et al.  MicroRNA-17-5p induces drug resistance and invasion of ovarian carcinoma cells by targeting PTEN signaling , 2015, Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki.

[10]  R. Levine,et al.  JAK2 the future: therapeutic strategies for JAK-dependent malignancies. , 2012, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[11]  J. Salles,et al.  A crosstalk between the Wnt and the adhesion-dependent signaling pathways governs the chemosensitivity of acute myeloid leukemia , 2006, Oncogene.

[12]  Z. Estrov,et al.  Pharmacodynamics of cytarabine alone and in combination with 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) in AML blasts in vitro and during a clinical trial. , 2006, Blood.

[13]  Steven J. Greco,et al.  Temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma occurs by miRNA-9-targeted PTCH1, independent of sonic hedgehog level , 2015, Oncotarget.

[14]  R. Kreitman.  Immunotoxins for targeted cancer therapy. , 1998, The AAPS journal.

[15]  A. Khwaja,et al.  PI3-kinase/Akt is constitutively active in primary acute myeloid leukaemia cells and regulates survival and chemoresistance via NF-kB, MAPkinase and p53 pathways , 2005, Leukemia.

[16]  W. Dalton,et al.  Tumor microenvironment and drug resistance in hematologic malignancies. , 2006, Blood reviews.

[17]  Christian J. Rudolph,et al.  The Consequences of Replicating in the Wrong Orientation: Bacterial Chromosome Duplication without an Active Replication Origin , 2015, mBio.

[18]  Michael Dean,et al.  Tumour stem cells and drug resistance , 2005, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[19]  Claire Schwab,et al.  Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. , 2011, Methods in molecular biology.

[20]  Hao Liu,et al.  MicroRNA-181a regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting PTEN in drug-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells. , 2015, International journal of oncology.

[21]  S. Barta,et al.  HIV-associated Hematological Malignancies. , 2016, Anticancer research.

[22]  R. Palmiter,et al.  Amplification of the metallothionein-I gene in cadmium-resistant mouse cells. , 1981, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  P. Fernández-Navarro,et al.  Childhood leukemia and residential proximity to industrial and urban sites. , 2015, Environmental research.

[24]  Mieke Schutte,et al.  Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH Kinase or RAS Pathway Mutations in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines , 2007, Molecular Cancer Research.

[25]  M. Buchwald,et al.  Fanconi anemia group C protein prevents apoptosis in hematopoietic cells through redox regulation of GSTP1 , 2001, Nature Medicine.

[26]  Michael M. Gottesman,et al.  Internal duplication and homology with bacterial transport proteins in the mdr1 (P-glycoprotein) gene from multidrug-resistant human cells , 1986, Cell.

[27]  S. Ju,et al.  Study on the Association Between miRNA-202 Expression and Drug Sensitivity in Multiple Myeloma Cells , 2016, Pathology & Oncology Research.

[28]  W. Dalton.  The tumor microenvironment: focus on myeloma. , 2003, Cancer treatment reviews.

[29]  P. Bosma,et al.  Mutations in the MDR3 gene cause progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[30]  W. Dalton,et al.  Role of the tumor microenvironment in mediating de novo resistance to drugs and physiological mediators of cell death , 2003, Oncogene.

[31]  D. Zheng,et al.  Glucocorticoid Receptor Confers Resistance to Antiandrogens by Bypassing Androgen Receptor Blockade , 2013, Cell.

[32]  K. Borden,et al.  Mechanisms and insights into drug resistance in cancer , 2013, Front. Pharmacol..

[33]  Y. Shang,et al.  miR-508-5p regulates multidrug resistance of gastric cancer by targeting ABCB1 and ZNRD1 , 2014, Oncogene.

[34]  R. Klopfleisch,et al.  Mechanisms of tumour resistance against chemotherapeutic agents in veterinary oncology. , 2016, Veterinary journal.

[35]  Lin Xia,et al.  Methylation of miR-129-5p CpG island modulates multi-drug resistance in gastric cancer by targeting ABC transporters , 2014, Oncotarget.

[36]  D. Housman,et al.  The three mouse multidrug resistance (mdr) genes are expressed in a tissue-specific manner in normal mouse tissues , 1989, Molecular and cellular biology.

[37]  Sarah A Heerboth,et al.  Drug Resistance in Cancer: An Overview , 2014, Cancers.

[38]  Stephen L. Abrams,et al.  Contributions of the Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR and Jak/STAT pathways to leukemia , 2008, Leukemia.

[39]  Y. Doki,et al.  Concurrent Targeting of KRAS and AKT by MiR-4689 Is a Novel Treatment Against Mutant KRAS Colorectal Cancer , 2015, Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids.

[40]  K. Tew,et al.  Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Neoplastic Cells , 1988 .

[41]  M. Zhong,et al.  Inhibition of microRNA-196a might reverse cisplatin resistance of A549/DDP non-small-cell lung cancer cell line , 2016, Tumor Biology.

[42]  R. Kolodner,et al.  Activation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mlh1-Pms1 Endonuclease in a Reconstituted Mismatch Repair System* , 2015, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[43]  P. Johnston,et al.  Cancer drug resistance: an evolving paradigm , 2013, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[44]  B. Baguley.  Classical and Targeted Anticancer Drugs: An Appraisal of Mechanisms of Multidrug Resistance. , 2016, Methods in molecular biology.

[45]  J. Downing,et al.  Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Progress Through Collaboration. , 2015, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[46]  L. Greenberger,et al.  Alternate overexpression of two P-glycoprotein [corrected] genes is associated with changes in multidrug resistance in a J774.2 cell line. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[47]  B. Baradaran,et al.  Silencing of High Mobility Group Isoform I-C (HMGI-C) Enhances Paclitaxel Chemosensitivity in Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells (MDA-MB-468). , 2016, Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin.

[48]  Lei Dong,et al.  Knockdown of microRNA-127 reverses adriamycin resistance via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis sensitization in adriamycin-resistant human glioma cells. , 2015, International journal of clinical and experimental pathology.

[49]  C. Sawyers,et al.  Activity of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Philadelphia chromosome. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[50]  B. Baradaran,et al.  RNA interference and its role in cancer therapy. , 2014, Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin.

[51]  Jian Wen,et al.  miR‐145 sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to paclitaxel by targeting Sp1 and Cdk6 , 2014, International journal of cancer.

[52]  I. Hanamura,et al.  Possible dominant-negative mutation of the SHIP gene in acute myeloid leukemia , 2003, Leukemia.

[53]  K. Elenitoba-Johnson,et al.  Laboratory practice guidelines for detecting and reporting BCR-ABL drug resistance mutations in chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report of the Association for Molecular Pathology. , 2009, The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD.

[54]  B. Baradaran,et al.  Micro-RNAs: The new potential biomarkers in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and cancer therapy. , 2015, Cellular and molecular biology.

[55]  C. Higgins,et al.  ABC transporters: from microorganisms to man. , 1992, Annual review of cell biology.

[56]  Guy S. Salvesen,et al.  SnapShot: Caspases , 2011, Cell.

[57]  M. Barinaga.  From Bench Top to Bedside , 1997, Science.

[58]  G. Wahl,et al.  Double minute chromosomes and homogeneously staining regions in tumors taken directly from patients versus in human tumor cell lines. , 1991, Anti-cancer drugs.

[59]  A. Zelenetz,et al.  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. , 2019, Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN.

[60]  Zhen-Fang Li,et al.  Retracted: MicroRNA‐217 overexpression induces drug resistance and invasion of breast cancer cells by targeting PTEN signaling , 2015, Cell biology international.

[61]  R. Camplejohn,et al.  Introduction to flow cytometry: Computing , 1991 .

[62]  M. Michael,et al.  Tumoral drug metabolism: overview and its implications for cancer therapy. , 2005, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[63]  D. Slamon,et al.  New adjuvant strategies for breast cancer: meeting the challenge of integrating chemotherapy and trastuzumab (Herceptin). , 2001, Seminars in oncology.

[64]  I. Campbell,et al.  No association of a 306-bp insertion polymorphism in the progesterone receptor gene with ovarian and breast cancer. , 1997, British Journal of Cancer.

[65]  M. Kool,et al.  A family of drug transporters: the multidrug resistance-associated proteins. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[66]  S. Nelson,et al.  Targeted Therapy Resistance Mediated by Dynamic Regulation of Extrachromosomal Mutant EGFR DNA , 2014, Science.

[67]  K. Semba,et al.  Gene amplification: mechanisms and involvement in cancer , 2013, Biomolecular concepts.

[68]  Bertino,et al.  Current understanding of methotrexate pharmacology and efficacy in acute leukemias. Use of newer antifolates in clinical trials. , 2001, Haematologica.

[69]  Jianping Chen,et al.  MicroRNA-25 regulates chemoresistance-associated autophagy in breast cancer cells, a process modulated by the natural autophagy inducer isoliquiritigenin , 2014, Oncotarget.

[70]  D. Housman,et al.  p53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents , 1993, Cell.

[71]  Jie Huang,et al.  miR‐7 modulates chemoresistance of small cell lung cancer by repressing MRP1/ABCC1 , 2015, International journal of experimental pathology.

[72]  Joel s. Brown,et al.  The evolutionary dynamics of cancer prevention , 2010, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[73]  M. Leary,et al.  Genetic and epigenetic aspects of breast cancer progression and therapy. , 2014, Anticancer research.

[74]  Huan Yang,et al.  AKT/PKB signaling mechanisms in cancer and chemoresistance. , 2005, Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library.

[75]  M. Junttila,et al.  Influence of tumour micro-environment heterogeneity on therapeutic response , 2013, Nature.

[76]  R L Juliano,et al.  A surface glycoprotein modulating drug permeability in Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants. , 1976, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[77]  Ye Zhang,et al.  miR-103/107 modulates multidrug resistance in human gastric carcinoma by downregulating Cav-1 , 2015, Tumor Biology.

[78]  Robert E. Kingston,et al.  Occupying chromatin: Polycomb mechanisms for getting to genomic targets, stopping transcriptional traffic, and staying put. , 2013, Molecular cell.

[79]  S. Cai,et al.  miR200c Attenuates P-gp–Mediated MDR and Metastasis by Targeting JNK2/c-Jun Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Cancer , 2014, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics.

[80]  Andrew M. K. Brown,et al.  Variable Clonal Repopulation Dynamics Influence Chemotherapy Response in Colorectal Cancer , 2013, Science.

[81]  P. Johnston,et al.  Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance , 2005, The Journal of pathology.