The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. XI. The incidence of macular edema.

As part of a population-based study of diabetes mellitus, the 4-year incidence of macular edema and its relationship to various risk factors was examined in a group of younger onset insulin-taking persons (n = 610) and older onset persons (n = 652). The presence of macular edema at the baseline and follow-up examinations was determined from gradings of stereoscopic fundus photographs. The overall incidence of macular edema in the younger onset group was 8.2% (50/610); in the group of older onset persons using insulin, 8.4% (23/273) and in the group of those not using insulin, 2.9% (11/379). The incidence of macular edema was associated with higher level of glycosylated hemoglobin, longer duration of diabetes, and more severe retinopathy at the baseline examination in both younger and older onset groups. These data provide accurate population-based estimates of incidence of macular edema, and suggest that the level of glycemia is a significant risk factor for the development of macular edema.

[1]  J. Sigelman.  Diabetic macular edema in juvenile- and adult-onset diabetes. , 1980, American journal of ophthalmology.

[2]  D L DeMets,et al.  Relation of ocular and systemic factors to survival in diabetes. , 1989, Archives of internal medicine.

[3]  G. Blankenship.  Diabetic macular edema and argon laser photocoagulation: a prospective randomized study. , 1979, Ophthalmology.

[4]  Diabetic retinopathy. Assessment of severity and progression. , 1984, Ophthalmology.

[5]  Langford Hg.  The hypertension detection and follow-up program. , 1984 .

[6]  B. Efron.  Regression and ANOVA with Zero-One Data: Measures of Residual Variation , 1978 .

[7]  D L DeMets,et al.  Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in southern Wisconsin. , 1984, American journal of epidemiology.

[8]  R. Klein,et al.  The incidence of vision loss in a diabetic population. , 1988, Ophthalmology.

[9]  R. Klein,et al.  The association of iris color with eye disease in diabetes. , 1987, Ophthalmology.

[10]  A. Patz,et al.  Macular edema--an overlooked complication of diabetic retinopathy. , 1973, Transactions - American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology. American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology.

[11]  P. Armitage.  Tests for Linear Trends in Proportions and Frequencies , 1955 .

[12]  R. Klein,et al.  Visual impairment in diabetes. , 1984, Ophthalmology.

[13]  E. Kohner.  The Evolution and Natural History of Diabetic Retinopathy , 1978, International ophthalmology clinics.

[14]  D L DeMets,et al.  The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. , 1984, Archives of ophthalmology.

[15]  D L DeMets,et al.  The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: VIII. The incidence of retinal photocoagulation. , 1988, The Journal of diabetic complications.

[16]  S. Fine,et al.  Symposium on the treatment of diabetic retinopathy , 1969 .

[17]  D. DeMets,et al.  The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. , 1984, Archives of ophthalmology.

[18]  E. Kohner,et al.  Medical conditions in patients with diabetic maculopathy. , 1985, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[19]  D L DeMets,et al.  The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. IV. Diabetic macular edema. , 1984, Ophthalmology.

[20]  R. Klein,et al.  An alternative method of grading diabetic retinopathy. , 1986, Ophthalmology.

[21]  D L DeMets,et al.  The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. IX. Four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. , 1989, Archives of ophthalmology.

[22]  P. Mitchell.  Development and progression of diabetic eye disease in Newcastle (1977-1984): rates and risk factors. , 1985, Australian and New Zealand journal of ophthalmology.

[23]  J H Dobree,et al.  Simple diabetic retinopathy. Evolution of the lesions and therapeutic considerations. , 1970, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[24]  D L DeMets,et al.  The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. VI. Retinal photocoagulation. , 1987, Ophthalmology.

[25]  D L DeMets,et al.  The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. X. Four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 years or more. , 1989, Archives of ophthalmology.

[26]  L. Rand,et al.  Diabetic retinopathy in Joslin Clinic patients with adult-onset diabetes. , 1981, Ophthalmology.